Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

foetal membranes

A

chorion
yolk sac
amnion
allantois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

placenta types

A

discoid - rats
cotyledonary - ruminants
zonary - dogs and cats
diffuse - horse and pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

progesterone

A

maintains pregnancy
secreted by CL
production taken over by placenta in some species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

embryonic death

A

death in early stages
<35-45 days in large animals
<20 in small animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

abortion

A

foetal death of non-viable foetus - usually expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stillbirth

A

death of a viable foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

perinatal death

A

death at <2 days postpartum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

infectious causes of abortion

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
affect dam, foetus, placenta or mix
usually hematogenous
usually ascending in horses
eg. toxoplasma, chlamydia, salmonella, neopspora, t. pyogenes
venereal infections - trichomonas foetus, campylobacter foetus venerealis, EVA
appearance - mummified (Viral or protozoal), macerated (bacterial), placental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

non-infectious

A

maternal and foetal stress, dystocia, nutrition
appearance - mummified, still-birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

maternal factors

A

primiparity
vaccination status
home bred vs brought in
health
dystocia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

placental factors

A

toxoplasmosis - discoloured cotyledons
oedema, inflammation, necrosis - thickened intercoltyledonary areas
umbilical cord issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

foetal factors

A

foetal or maternal stress - can trigger parturition early
hyperthermia - from fever - can trigger HPA axis resulting in quick expulsion of foetus
dystocia - foetal size, parts getting stuck
prolonged gestation - non functional HPA axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mummification

A

usually in multiparous animals
no bacteria present
foetal skin developed enough to withstand autolysis
no smell
closed cervix
causes - genetic, twinning (horses), BVD, porcine parvo, canine herpes, placental insufficiences

can’t use for further diagnoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SMEDI

A

still birth
mummification
embryonic death
infertility

porcine parvovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

maceration

A

bacterial
liquefied and smelly
open cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

emphysema

A

associated with long dystocia or late expulsion of foetus
smelly
bubblewrap feeling skin - crepitus
may cause toxemia in dam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

schmallenberg

A

affects brain and nerves - necrosis in cerebellum, hydroencephaly
weird posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

occult infections

A

eg. salmonella, other fungal and bacterial infections
not many signs on foetus
culture to find out which one or PCR - lepto and chlamydia are hard to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fresh tissue samples

A

lung
liver
kidney
thymus
stomach contents
foetal fluids
placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fixed tissue samples

A

lung
liver
kidney
thymus
brain
spleen
heart
thyroid
adrenals
skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

peri-natal mortality

A

before, during, or within 48 hours of calving

goitre - enlarged thyroid
selenium deficiency - id using fresh foetal liver or kidney sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common ovarian congenital abnormalities

A

ovarian dysgenesis
ovarian hypoplasia - associated with chromosomal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ovarian cysts

A

fluid filled mass lined with epithelial cells
anovulatory graafian follicles - luteal or follicular - secrete steroids and affect reproductive cycles
cystic corpus lutea - variation of a normal CL, may be pregnant
cystic rete ovarii - hilus of ovary, common in guinea pigs
epithelial cysts - can become malignant (Adenocarcinoma), common in bitch
paraovarian cysts - common in mare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ovarian tumours

A

surface and subsurface epithelial structures - papillary and cystic adenomas (benign), papillary adenocarcinomas (malignant)
sex cord stromal tumour - granulosa cell tumours (produce hormones). thecoma, luteoma
germ cell tumour - develop into different cell types - dysgerminoma, teratoma (need at least two cell types to prove)
gonadal stromal tumours

epithelial most common in dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

uterus, cervix and vagina anomolies

A

imperforate hymen
double cervical os
segmental aplasia of uterine horn (blind ended horn, can get a build up of fluid, material and infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

metabolic diseases

A

endometrial hyperplasia
metritis
contagious equine metritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

common in dogs
chronic hyperplasia of endometrial glands
can occur from exogenous sources of progesterone
could be linked to pyometra
could be secondary to E. Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

metritis

A

common in cow just after dystocia
polymicrobial
systemic toxemia signs
clostridium tetani, clostridium perfringens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

contagious equine metritis

A

horses
notifiable
stallions - no clinical disease but transmit
mares - can harbour for several months after recovered
causes endometritis, transient infertility and less commonly abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

uterine defences to infection

A

innate:
epithelium - stratified squamous, sloughs off surface
cervical barrier - closed except when giving birth
conformation - to keep urine and feces out
myometrial tone and contraction
drainage of secretions
neutrophils
macrophages
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules

adaptive:
humoural
cellular

hormonal changes can affect immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

idiopathic conditions of uterus

A

endometriosis - chronic, sometimes asymptomatic, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, pain during intercourse, abnormal bleeding, chronic inflammation, adhesions and scar tissue - human disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

neoplasia of the uterus

A

uterine ednometrial adenocarcinoma - common in rabbits, malignant, metastasis to lungs
leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle tumour, in any organ with smooth muscle, pale when you cut into them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

immunity in the teats

A

innate
physical - sphincter, keratin plug, milk flushing
soluble factors in milk - lactoferrin, lysozyme, complement, cytokines
cellular - microbial recognition molecules, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

34
Q

mastitis

A

any inflammation of the udder
testing - california milk test, bacterial culture, environmental culture,
environmental - e. coli
obligate mammary - strep agalactiae, staph aureus, mycoplasma spp

types:
sever necrotising/gangrenous - gram -ve. endotoxins, massive cytokine release, wet gangrene, quarter may slough off
suppurative - gram +ve, pus, summer mastitis (dry cows)
granulomatous - contamination of teats, neutrophils and macrophages, cheesy looking, looks a bit like tb
viral mastitis (goats) caprine arthritis and encephalitis - retrovirus, absorbed through GIT, hard udder like dry clay, persists (cull)

35
Q

metabolic mammary conditions

A

fibroadenomatous hyperplasia - triggered by progesterone, cats, young intact females
gynaecomastia - male animals, oestrogen causes male mammarys to develop - oestrogen producing tumour in testicles or rare adrenal disease

36
Q

mammary neoplasia

A

common in dog - usually benign
malignant in cat
may cause ulceration of the skin (cat) - mammary carcinoma

37
Q

infectious causes - ruminant abortion

A

specific - brucella abortus
non-specific - e. coli

38
Q

miscellaneous causes - ruminant abortion

A

drug induced
insemination/intra-uterine infusion
trauma/stress
high fever
endotoxins
nutritional deficiencies
twin pregnancy
genetic

39
Q

samples for diagnosis

A

placenta - chroioallatnois - examine size, number and colour od cotyledons, freshness, intercotyledonary areas
calf - skin lesions, freshness, size, stomach contents, fluid in body cavities
lungs - inflated?
intestine
liver
kidney
heart
msk - schmallenberg
brain
maternal milk
bulk milk
cohort blood
feces
environmental samples

40
Q

brucella abortus

A

abortion at 5-9 months
endometritis
orchitis and epididymitis in bulls
hygroma - fluid filled cysts under the skin
thickening between cotyledons
purulent discharge
zoonotic - passes in raw milk and from handling infected animals and carcasses
cull whole herd

tests - culture (farrells) on aborted and stillborn foetuses, PCR milk, mammary, ELISA, rapid brucella plate test

41
Q

campylobacter

A

spread by natural service - stop from minimum 1 year
infertility
early embryonic death
asymptomatic in bulls and cows

42
Q

salmonella dublin

A

gram negative - modified ziehl nelson positive
abortion
enteritis
pneumonia
septicemia
joint ill
meningitis
encephalitis
osteomyelitis
gangrene of extremities
zoonotic - spread through feces and movement of cattle

43
Q

coxiella burnetti

A

gram negative intracellular bacteria - modified ziehl neelsen stain
sometimes asymptomatic
zoonotic - fromhandling or from bedding blowing in wind
Q fever

44
Q

leptospirosis

A

carried asymptomatically in cow kidneys
zoonotic - passed in urine
abortion
early embyronic death
perinatal mortality
infertility
milk drop syndrome (flabby bag)

45
Q

viral and protozoal causes of ruminant abortion

A

foot and mouth
bluetongue
BVD
bovine herpes virus
schmallenberg
neospora caninum
tritichomonas fetus
anaplasma phagocytophilia

mostly because they cause pyrexia

46
Q

main infectious sheep abortion causes (3)

A

chlamydia abortus
toxoplasma gondii
campylobacter

47
Q

chalmydia abortus

A

red, inflamed placenta, thick custard like exudate
late pregnancy abortion
weak lambs at term

48
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

cat vector
losses at all stages of pregnancy
inflamed cotyledons with multifocal pale necrotic foci

49
Q

prevention of ruminant abortion

A

vaccination
biosecurity
mix outside of pregnancy time - raise immunity before pregnancy
nutrition, feeding methods and hygiene
isolation of aborting animals
removal of aborted materials
tetracyclines - damage limitation in enzootic abortion

50
Q

causes of foetal loss in dogs

A

herpes
brucella canis
salmonella
campylobacter
strep. canis
leptospirosis
toxoplasmosis
neospora
leishmania infantum

51
Q

herpes virus - dog

A

abortion or peri natal death
latent
ocular or vaginal discharge
puppies infected by dam during birth
signs - anorexia, vocalisation, disorientation, most of litter die
optimal incubation 34-35c - so lower than normal adult dog but about right for puppy - can help to keep puppies warm
necrosis in lungs, liver and kidneys
most lesions due to death of endothelial cells - endotheliotropic

52
Q

brucella canis - dog

A

zoonotic
increasing through import
transmitted though mating and then passed to puppies - in utero and in milk
shed for long time - even if asymptomatic
bronchopneumonia in aborted foetuses
serology on imported animals

53
Q

foetal loss causes in cats

A

feline panleukopenia
feline alpha-herpes
feline leukemia
FIP
coxiella burnetti
salmonella

54
Q

feline panleukopenia - cats

A

parvovirus
feco-oral transmission
like bone marrow and GIT - rapidly dividing cells
perinatal infection –> infection at cerebellum –> cerebellar hypoplasia (ataxia - permanent)
2-4 months post natal infection –> infection in bone marrow, thymus, GIT, and mucosal lymphoid tissue –> leukopenis (low WBCs) and enteritis
4-12 month infection –> enteritis

55
Q

equine abortion - infectious causes

A

equid herpes virus-1
equine arteritis

56
Q

equine abortion - non-infectious causes

A

bacterial/fungal placentitis
twinning
stillbirth/dystocia
genetic
unconfirmed

57
Q

equine abortion post mortem

A

twisted umbilius
crown-rump size
wight
jaundice
meconium staining - foetal stree
lungs aerated
brain hypoplasia
unruptured cervical star
oedema - also in placenta
amniotic nodules - incidental
torsion

58
Q

ascending placentitis - horse

A

usually bacterial
discoloured, thick chorion
exudate on surface of chorion
fungal - thick leathery placenta appearance - usually more chronic

59
Q

equine herpes virus-1

A

abortion
jaundice - liver necrosis
placenta changes - necrosis, dark red multifocal lesions, clear membranes
pulmonary consolidation
intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes
latent - triggered by stress

60
Q

congenital disorders - male repro

A

inclusion cysts - epididymal head of testicle (incidental)
segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct - equivalent to same in uterine horn, usually fine but will eventually atrophy become of pressure. Sometimes causes sperm granulomas in interstitial tissue

61
Q

hypospadia

A

failure of closure of urogenital groove (doesn’t close in females - vaginal orifice)

62
Q

cryptorchidism

A

common
heritable
intra-abdominal or inguinal
hypoplastic
prone to sertoli cell tumours

63
Q

tumours of the testicles

A

interstitial/leydig cell tumour
seminoma
sertoli cell tumour - 20x more common in cryptorchids

64
Q

tumours of the scrotum

A

vascular hematoma and hemangioma (benign)
hemangiosarcoma (malignent - red dots)
melanoma
mast cell tumours

65
Q

tesicular and scrotal neoplasia - appearance

A

white
irregular
lobulated
bulge when cut
can be cystic
firm - fibrous stroma
distorted testicle

usually benign
may produce excess estrogen - feminisation, reduced libido, testicular and penile atrophy, gynomastia, alopecia, metaplasia of prostate, oestrogenic depression of bone marrow

66
Q

immune functions of male reproductive system

A

long deferent duct
flushed by seminal fluid
antimicrobial products in seminal fluid
blood testis barrier - sertoli cells, protect sperm from attack by immune system
innate and acquired immunity both suppressed within the testicular parenchyma

67
Q

infections - testes and epididymis

A

orchitis
epididimytis
sheep - brucella ovis, sheep pox, psedotuberculosis, e. coli, scrotal mange
cats - FIP - naturally resistant to brucella
dogs - brucella
pigs - brucella
cattle - brucella, mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, e.coli

68
Q

diseases of the prostate

A

prostatitis - ascending, e. coli
benign prostatic hyperplasia - common in in tact males, testosterone causes hyperplasia, palpable per rectum, hematuria, preputial discharge, fixed by castration
metaplasia - of epithelium lining prostate gland, layers of stratified cells, protective (caused by damage) or from excess estrogen (eg. from sertoli cell tumour
carcinoma - malignant, epithelial, usually urothelial tissue (transitional cells)

69
Q

penis and prepuce diseases

A

pizzle rot - sheep, inflammation and necrosis of prepuce
bovine herpes virus-1 - phaloposthitis in bull, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion, respiratory disease in calves, necrotising laryngotracheitis
papilloma - warts on penis, caused by papilloma viruses, can become squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma - on mucous membranes, usually around anus but can be on penis, melanin pigment with neoplastic cells

70
Q

equine viral arteritis

A

persistent in stallions - in accessory sex glands
shed into semen during intercourse
venereal

71
Q

SMEDI

A

parvovirus
stillbirth, mummification embyronic death, infertility
progressive mummification
sows not sick

72
Q

pocine circovirus

A

range of abortion ages
usually develop immunity early on

73
Q

PRRS

A

Late term abortion
reproductive and respiratory

74
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

upper respiratory signs
abortion
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
transmission through direct contact (acutely infected or latent)
intranuclear inclusion bodies

75
Q

hatch analysis - pipped

A

fully formed embryo
made hole in shell but not emerged
dead or alive at time of opening
yolk sac mostly or entirely in abdomen
may have visible developmental abnormalities
causes - low humidity, high temperatures, inadequate ventilation, nutritional deficiencies, malpositioning, genetic deformities

76
Q

hatch analysis - dead in shell

A

embryo death usually either in first 3 days of incubation or last 3 days before hatching
causes - nutritional deficiences, incubation problem, bacterial or viral infection

77
Q

hatch analysis - blasting

A

during incubation of hatching eggs
bacteria
egg may burst due to gas formation
one rotten egg can spread to nearby eggs
causes - infectious disease, unhygenic conditions

78
Q

hatch analysis - early germ in cell

A

no obvious embyro, growth of cream-coloured extra embryonic membranes
no blood present
causes - usually a farm, transport or stage problem (eg. high temp)

if death in first 72 hours may be almost indistinguishable from an unfertilised egg

79
Q

sex chromosomes

A

mammal:
male - XY
female - XX

bird:
male - ZZ
female - ZW

80
Q

true hermaphrodite

A

XX, ovatestes, female pheotype

81
Q

pseudohermaphrodite

A

most common intersex condition
XY
testicular tissue in abdomen or in scrotal region but external anatomy looks female

Pathology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions