Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Haematology is…

A

the study of blood and blood disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Haematopoeisis

A

formation of blood cells - platelets, WBCs, RBCs
occurs in bone marrow
maturation and activation of lymphoid cells in spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
RBCs in liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

erythropoeisis

A

RBC formation
stimulated by low oxygen levels
especially in kidneys - erythropoeitin - kidney disease –> anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

myelopoeisis

A

production of WBCs
bone marrow
stimulated by variety of factors
trigger differentiation to myeloblasts
increased production with inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thrombopoeisis

A

production of platelets
bone marrow - from megakaryocytes
stimulated by thrombopoietin - produced in liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

leukocytes - neutrophils

A

first response
acute inflammation
bacterial infection
granulated
phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leukocytes - eosinophils

A

pink granules
parasitic infection
allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

leukocytes - basophils

A

usually don’t see
parasitic and allergy (with eosinophils)
histamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune response
b and t cells
b - humoral, antibody
t - cell mediated
natural killer - innate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

leukocytes - monocytes

A

biggest leukocytes
larger than neutrophils, greyer cytoplasm
cytokine release
become macrophages in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regenerative vs non-regenerative anemia

A

regenerative - will see immature RBCs (reticulocytes/polychromatophils) - regenerating the lost RBCs
non-regenerative - cells largely same size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spherocytes

A

RBCs with no central pallor - indicate immune mediated hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rouleux vs agglutination

A

agglutination - RBCs stick together - grapes - IMHA
rouleux - stack of coins - increased blood protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypochromia

A

pale staining, increased central pallor of RBCs
iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

left shift

A

release of granulocyte precursors from marrow
increased neutrophil
inflammation/infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CBC Parameters

A

measured:
haemoglobin
red blood cell concentration
mean cell volume - average size of RBCs

calculated:
hemocrit -how likely they are anemic (MCV*RBC)
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Also:
red cell distribution width
reticulocyte % - measure of regeneration
reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration
plateletcrit - indicative of number of platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Packed cell volume

A

blood in capiliary tube
split into red cells, buffy coat, plasma
visual indication of % of each - eg. more buffy coat –> high WBCs

18
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - spherocytes

A

small, dark, no central pallor
agglutination - IMHA
rouleux - high protein

19
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - heinz bodies and eccentrocytes

A

oxidative injury
hemoglobin pushed to cell margin
toxins

heinz bodies - look like tiny head snowmen
eccentrocytes - darker ring around edge of cell

20
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - acanthocytes

A

alterations ti lipid metabolism of rbc membranes
wobbly shape

21
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - schistocytes

A

rbc fragments - secondary to being pushed through abnormal blood vessels or being fragile

22
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - hypochromic RBCs

A

increased central pallor
iron deficiency

23
Q

Anemia

A

reduced RBCs
evidenced by - reduced hb, packed cell volume, hemocrit, rbc count
normal variation by breed and age
influenced by some drugs

24
Q

Anemia - compensatory mechanisms (4)

A

increased oxygen delivery
increased cardiac output
increased rbc production
vasoconstriction

25
Anemia - clinical signs
pale mm lethargy exercise intolerance tachycardia tachypnoea collapse icterus melaena - blood loss from GIT pica
26
Anemia - classification
severity rbc indices regenerative vs non-regenerative
27
Anemia - causes
regenerative - hemorrhage hemolysis IMHA non-regenerative (marrow diseases) - chronic inflammation endocrinopathies - hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism chronic renal failure
28
Polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
opposite of anemia - increased RBC rarer primary - neoplastic conditions of bone marrow, blood too thick to get around vessels, low erythropoietin (rare) secondary - hypoxia (increased erythropoetin production --> increased RBCs), tumours
29
blood film examition
total WBC count differential count - proportions of different WBCs morphological assessment
30
neutrophilia
increased neutrophils to meet demand - infection, immune mediated disease, inflammation, neoplasia persistence in circulation - chronic stress, glucocorticoid effect (steroids) redistribution - shift from marginating (on walls of blood vessels) to circulating pool, excitement (increased epinephrine - stress), increased blood pressure
31
neutropenia
increased demand - migration to tissue quicker than production, bacterial sepsis, abscess, endotoxemia, tumour necrosis decreased production - bone marrow disease, drugs redistribution - in response to demand increased destruction - immune mediated
32
band neutrophils
released with increased demand horseshoe shape found in peripheral blood released earlier than they would be otherwise
33
toxic neutrophils
more severe indicator of increased demand maturation defects dohle bodies foamy cytoplasm blueish cytoplasm tinge
34
lymphocytosis
increased production of lymphocytes due to increased demand increased production without demand redistribution - excitement/acute stress, hypoadrenocorticism
35
lymphopenia
decreased lymphocytes loss of lymphocytes decreased production - viral infections, chemo redistribution - stress, trapped in lymph nodes
36
monocytosis
increased monocytes increased production with demand - infection, immune mediated, inflammation, necrosis, sepsis, neoplasia without demand - leukemia redistribution - stress or steroids (opposite is monocytopenia - not clinically significant)
37
eosinophilia
increased production of eosin to demand - parasites, allergy, paraneoplastic, inflammation of mast cell rich tissue without demand - noplasia, hypereosinophilic syndrome
38
basophilia
usually goes along with high eosinophilia increased demand - hypersensitivity, parasites, inflammation without demand - paraneoplastic, basophilic leukemia
39
stress leukogram
leukocyte pattern due to increased cortisol neutrophilia with or without monocytosis absent in addisons - would be expected when sick but doesn't show up - good indicator increased neutrophilia, decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils
40
Blood tubes
EDTA - Anticoagulant - removes calcium and lead Heparin - anticoagulant - stablises blood cell membrane, reduces lysis Serum gel - separates blood cells from serum so can centrifuge to test separately Serum clot activator - promotes clotting, used to collect serum
41
vacutainer colours
yellow - serum gel - serology and biochem tests (not anticoagulant) green - heparin - biochem purple - EDTA - hematology, hemoparasite screens, cytology and fibrinogen red - serum clot activation - serum collection for select tests

Pathology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions