Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Haematology is…

A

the study of blood and blood disorders

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2
Q

Haematopoeisis

A

formation of blood cells - platelets, WBCs, RBCs
occurs in bone marrow
maturation and activation of lymphoid cells in spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
RBCs in liver and spleen

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3
Q

erythropoeisis

A

RBC formation
stimulated by low oxygen levels
especially in kidneys - erythropoeitin - kidney disease –> anemia

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4
Q

myelopoeisis

A

production of WBCs
bone marrow
stimulated by variety of factors
trigger differentiation to myeloblasts
increased production with inflammation

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5
Q

thrombopoeisis

A

production of platelets
bone marrow - from megakaryocytes
stimulated by thrombopoietin - produced in liver

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6
Q

leukocytes - neutrophils

A

first response
acute inflammation
bacterial infection
granulated
phagocytosis

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7
Q

leukocytes - eosinophils

A

pink granules
parasitic infection
allergic response

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8
Q

leukocytes - basophils

A

usually don’t see
parasitic and allergy (with eosinophils)
histamine release

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9
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune response
b and t cells
b - humoral, antibody
t - cell mediated
natural killer - innate immune response

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10
Q

leukocytes - monocytes

A

biggest leukocytes
larger than neutrophils, greyer cytoplasm
cytokine release
become macrophages in tissue

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11
Q

regenerative vs non-regenerative anemia

A

regenerative - will see immature RBCs (reticulocytes/polychromatophils) - regenerating the lost RBCs
non-regenerative - cells largely same size

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12
Q

Spherocytes

A

RBCs with no central pallor - indicate immune mediated hemolytic anemia

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13
Q

rouleux vs agglutination

A

agglutination - RBCs stick together - grapes - IMHA
rouleux - stack of coins - increased blood protein

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14
Q

hypochromia

A

pale staining, increased central pallor of RBCs
iron deficiency

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15
Q

left shift

A

release of granulocyte precursors from marrow
increased neutrophil
inflammation/infection

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16
Q

CBC Parameters

A

measured:
haemoglobin
red blood cell concentration
mean cell volume - average size of RBCs

calculated:
hemocrit -how likely they are anemic (MCV*RBC)
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Also:
red cell distribution width
reticulocyte % - measure of regeneration
reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration
plateletcrit - indicative of number of platelets

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17
Q

Packed cell volume

A

blood in capiliary tube
split into red cells, buffy coat, plasma
visual indication of % of each - eg. more buffy coat –> high WBCs

18
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - spherocytes

A

small, dark, no central pallor
agglutination - IMHA
rouleux - high protein

19
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - heinz bodies and eccentrocytes

A

oxidative injury
hemoglobin pushed to cell margin
toxins

heinz bodies - look like tiny head snowmen
eccentrocytes - darker ring around edge of cell

20
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - acanthocytes

A

alterations ti lipid metabolism of rbc membranes
wobbly shape

21
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - schistocytes

A

rbc fragments - secondary to being pushed through abnormal blood vessels or being fragile

22
Q

RBC morphological abnormalities - hypochromic RBCs

A

increased central pallor
iron deficiency

23
Q

Anemia

A

reduced RBCs
evidenced by - reduced hb, packed cell volume, hemocrit, rbc count
normal variation by breed and age
influenced by some drugs

24
Q

Anemia - compensatory mechanisms (4)

A

increased oxygen delivery
increased cardiac output
increased rbc production
vasoconstriction

25
Q

Anemia - clinical signs

A

pale mm
lethargy
exercise intolerance
tachycardia
tachypnoea
collapse
icterus
melaena - blood loss from GIT
pica

26
Q

Anemia - classification

A

severity
rbc indices
regenerative vs non-regenerative

27
Q

Anemia - causes

A

regenerative -
hemorrhage
hemolysis
IMHA

non-regenerative (marrow diseases) -
chronic inflammation
endocrinopathies - hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism
chronic renal failure

28
Q

Polycythemia (erythrocytosis)

A

opposite of anemia - increased RBC
rarer
primary - neoplastic conditions of bone marrow, blood too thick to get around vessels, low erythropoietin (rare)
secondary - hypoxia (increased erythropoetin production –> increased RBCs), tumours

29
Q

blood film examition

A

total WBC count
differential count - proportions of different WBCs
morphological assessment

30
Q

neutrophilia

A

increased neutrophils
to meet demand - infection, immune mediated disease, inflammation, neoplasia
persistence in circulation - chronic stress, glucocorticoid effect (steroids)
redistribution - shift from marginating (on walls of blood vessels) to circulating pool, excitement (increased epinephrine - stress), increased blood pressure

31
Q

neutropenia

A

increased demand - migration to tissue quicker than production, bacterial sepsis, abscess, endotoxemia, tumour necrosis
decreased production - bone marrow disease, drugs
redistribution - in response to demand
increased destruction - immune mediated

32
Q

band neutrophils

A

released with increased demand
horseshoe shape
found in peripheral blood
released earlier than they would be otherwise

33
Q

toxic neutrophils

A

more severe indicator of increased demand
maturation defects
dohle bodies
foamy cytoplasm
blueish cytoplasm tinge

34
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increased production of lymphocytes due to increased demand
increased production without demand
redistribution - excitement/acute stress, hypoadrenocorticism

35
Q

lymphopenia

A

decreased lymphocytes
loss of lymphocytes
decreased production - viral infections, chemo
redistribution - stress, trapped in lymph nodes

36
Q

monocytosis

A

increased monocytes
increased production with demand - infection, immune mediated, inflammation, necrosis, sepsis, neoplasia
without demand - leukemia
redistribution - stress or steroids
(opposite is monocytopenia - not clinically significant)

37
Q

eosinophilia

A

increased production of eosin to demand - parasites, allergy, paraneoplastic, inflammation of mast cell rich tissue
without demand - noplasia, hypereosinophilic syndrome

38
Q

basophilia

A

usually goes along with high eosinophilia
increased demand - hypersensitivity, parasites, inflammation
without demand - paraneoplastic, basophilic leukemia

39
Q

stress leukogram

A

leukocyte pattern due to increased cortisol
neutrophilia with or without monocytosis
absent in addisons - would be expected when sick but doesn’t show up - good indicator

increased neutrophilia, decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils

40
Q

Blood tubes

A

EDTA - Anticoagulant - removes calcium and lead
Heparin - anticoagulant - stablises blood cell membrane, reduces lysis
Serum gel - separates blood cells from serum so can centrifuge to test separately
Serum clot activator - promotes clotting, used to collect serum

41
Q

vacutainer colours

A

yellow - serum gel - serology and biochem tests (not anticoagulant)
green - heparin - biochem
purple - EDTA - hematology, hemoparasite screens, cytology and fibrinogen
red - serum clot activation - serum collection for select tests