Haemolymphatic

Question 1

clinical signs associated with haemolymphatic system

Answer 1

enlarged lymph nodes
anemia
coagulopathies
oedema
cancer - metastases through lymphatics

Question 2

haemolymphatic system

Answer 2

lymph nodes (not in birds)
bone marrow
spleen
liver
thymus

Question 3

enlarged lymph nodes

Answer 3

3 types:
reactive hyperplasia - in response to infection elsewhere
inflammation/infection - lymphadentitis - infection of lymph node itself
neoplastic

diagnosis - FNA, biopsy

Question 4

lymphoid atrophy

Answer 4

congenital immunodeficiencies
viral infections
cachexia/malnutrition
ageing
radiation and chemo
toxins

Question 5

bone marrow histology

Answer 5

haematopoietic tissue - proliferative
pluripotent haemoatopoietic steam cells
iron
erythropoeisis

Question 6

bone marrow biopsy indications

Answer 6

non-regenerative anemia
pancytopenia - anemia, low WBC, low platelets
persistant neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
suspicion of leukemia
suspicion of other bone marrow malignanvy
elevations in blood cell numbers
hypercalcemia
hyperproteinemia

Question 7

feline pancytopenia

Answer 7

no haematopoeisis - bone marrow aplasia
death
linked to mould toxin on dry food

Question 8

haemolymphatic infectious agents

Answer 8

anaplasma - tick borne - affects leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets
babesia - erythrocytes
theileia - east coat fever - lymphocytes and erythrocytes
ehrichia - leukocytes
mycoplasma - haemolytic anemia - erythrocytes
cytozoon - erythrocytes

leishmania - protozoa, infects macrophages
histoplasmosis - fungus, infects macrophages

Question 9

lymphadentitis

Answer 9

infection of lymph nodes themselves

acute - purulent, pyogenic bacteria
chronic - intracellular or persistent bacteria
canine sterile granulomatous - puppy strangles

Question 10

splenitis

Answer 10

primary - uncommon
secondary - caused by another disease process

leishmania, hepatazoon, tularaemia

lymphoid depletion in spleen

Question 11

viral causes of immunodeficiency

Answer 11

parvo - rapidly dividing cells, can cause congenital issues
BVD - passed from dam to foetus
FIV
Feline Leukemia Virus

Question 12

FIV

Answer 12

3 phases:
acute - replicated T-cells in lymph nodes, lymphomegaly and fever
asymptomatic - slow replication, lymphopenia and increased globulins
progressive - immuno compromised state, secondary infections, oncogenic

Question 13

Feline Leukemia Virus

Answer 13

subtypes:
A - most contagious
B - associated with neoplasia/lymphoma
C - associated with non-regenerative anemia following bone marrow infection

Question 14

oncogenic lymphoid viruses

Answer 14

retroviruses - insert copies of their RNA into host DNA
bovine leukaemia virus - notifiable
Avian leukosis
Lentiviruses - FeLV, FIV, Maedi-visna
FIV - increased chance of getting lymphoma (x5)
FeLV - increased chance of lymphoma (x60)

Question 15

Diffusely enlarged spleen

Answer 15

congested (bloody) type - torsion, barbiturate euthanasia, acute hemolytic crises, african swine fever, septicemia
non-congested type (firm, meaty, blood going in but not coming out) - neoplasia, IMHA, chronic infection, chronic inflammation

Question 16

Anthrax

Answer 16

sudden death
fever
tachycardia
tachypnoea
cyanotic mucosa
pigs - swelling of pharyngeal region and neck

Question 17

African Swine Fever

Answer 17

peracute, acute, subacute and chronic forms
fever
erythema
dyspnoea
vomiting
chronic - abortion, lameness, pneumonia, wasting
enlarged friable spleen
lymph node haemorrhage
pulmonary and gall bladder oedema

Question 18

Classical swine fever

Answer 18

peracute, acute, subacute and chronic forms
fever
vasculitis
infarction of ear tips
chronic - abortion, weight loss, poor reproductive performance, weak piglets
splenic infarction
lymph node haemorrhage
mucosal ulcers at ileocaecal junction

Question 19

splenic masses

Answer 19

discrete single or multiple
old dogs
bloody or firm
can rupture - haemoabdomen
rarer in cars - mast cell tumour most common
benign - nodular hyperplasia, hemangioma, haematoma
indolent (doesn’t tend to metastasise)- marginal zone lymphoma
malignant - haemangiosarcoma, histiolytic sarcoma

Question 20

histiocytic neoplasia

Answer 20

tumours of macrophages (histiocytes = sub group of macrophages)
benign - histiocytoma - skin, young dogs
malignant - histiocytic sarcoma - burmese mountain dogs, rottweilers, localised (around joint) or systemic (involving spleen)

malignant histiocytosis - weird reactive histiocytic syndrome in burmese mountain dogs
pulmonary langerhaans histiocytosis - cats