Gastrointestinal

Question 1

gingivitis

Answer 1

inflammation of gingiva

Question 2

peridontitis

Answer 2

inflammation of non-gingival periodontal tissues

Question 3

sublingual mucositis

Answer 3

inflammation of mucosa on floor of mouth

Question 4

contact mucositis and contact mucosal ulceration

Answer 4

lesions secondary to mucosal contact with a tooth surface bearing an allergen, irritant or antigen

Question 5

labial/buccal mucositis

Answer 5

inflammation of lip/cheek mucosa

Question 6

palatitis

Answer 6

inflammation of mucosa covering hard and/or soft palate

Question 7

glossitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the tongue surface

Question 8

chelitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the lip including mucocutaneous junction and skin of the lip

Question 9

osteomyelitis

Answer 9

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Question 10

stomatitis

Answer 10

inflammation of mucosal lining of any structure of the mouth (used for widespread oral inflammation)

Question 11

tonsilitis

Answer 11

inflammation of the palatine tonsil

Question 12

pharyngitis

Answer 12

inflammation of the pharynx

Question 13

clostridium perfringens

Answer 13

type D - produces espilon toxin –> toxemia
fat lambs after weaning (sudden diet change)
sudden death
sudden change in biome –> toxin produced –> pores in enterocytes and endothelial cells –> necrosis –> necrohemorrhagic enteritis
multifocal petechial hemorrhages
pericardial effusion
brain oedema –> neurological signs (ataxia, head pressing, blindness)

Question 14

papilloma viruses

Answer 14

stimulate cell cycle –> inhibit cell mediated immunity –> hyperplastic lesions
can become malignant - squamous cell carcinoma, cervical carcinoma (HPV)
often clear up without help bit can be unsightly

Question 15

erosion

Answer 15

loss of superficial surface epithelium but basement membrane in tact

Question 16

ulceration

Answer 16

extends through basement membrane into lamina propria/submucosa

Question 17

vesicle

Answer 17

fluid filled space between layers of epithelium

Question 18

pustule

Answer 18

like vesicle but with pus in

Question 19

ileus

Answer 19

arrest of intestinal motility in absence of an obstruction

colic (abdominal pain)
distension of abdomen
reflux/regurgitation
vomiting

common post surgery
clostridium botulinum - grass sickness

Question 20

grass sickness

Answer 20

horses
clostridium botulinum - toxin kills neurons in intestines so unable to provide proper motility –> necrosis
impacted intestine
dry fecal balls
fluid build up in proximal intestine and stomach

Question 21

Addisons (hypoadrenocorticism)

Answer 21

intermittent vomiting and diarrhoea
glucocorticoids needed to maintain normal GI mucosal integrity and function - no feedback loop to tell immune system in GIT to slow down
leads to barrier disruption - permeability defects –> activated immune cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines –> local inflammation, apoptosis

Question 22

Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (FCGS)

Answer 22

Severe inflammation of oral cavity
usually caudal oral mucosa
hard to eat –> pain, weight loss, diminished food intake, halitosis, unkempt appearance
multiple causes - dental and periodontal disease, altered immune response, feline calicivirus, FeLV, Feline herpesvirus-1, various bacteria
may be difficult to differentiate from squamous cell carcinoma
has mott cells (plasma cells with russell bodies)
take teeth out in infected area

Question 23

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex (EGC)

Answer 23

common in cats
usually dorsal surface of tongue, palate, or mucocutaneous junction of lips
sometimes in dogs - huskies, CKC Spaniels
inflammatory disease, looks similar to hypersensitivity reaction
increased neurophils in ulcerated areas
lots of eosinophils –> collagenolysis

Question 24

osteomyelitis

Answer 24

infection via bacteria in blood (hematogenous), implantation (through another wound in jaw), or local extension (from an infected tooth or periodontal tissues)
similar appearance to some destructive malignant neoplasms

Question 25

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 25

most common oral neoplasia in cats, 2nd most common in dogs
anywhere in mouth, most commonly ventral surface of tongue
proliferative, ulcerated lesion or non-healing wound
can invade underlying bone
keratin pearls on histo

Question 26

canine chronic ulcerative gingivostomatitis (CCUS)

Answer 26

lesions at buccal mucosa and lateral lingual mucosa opposite to larger tooth surfaces
affected mucosa is depigmented and mirrors shape of tooth
drooling, halitosis, reluctance to eat
B- and T-cells, plasma cells, granulation tissue

Question 27

melanoma

Answer 27

malignant (melanocytoma benign version)
metastasises often and early
often invades underlying bone

Question 28

fibro sarcoma

Answer 28

3rd most common oral neoplasia in dogs
maxillary and palatal lesions
locally aggressive but low metastatic rate

Question 29

canine biologically high-grade/histologically low-grade fibrosarcoma

Answer 29

usually on maxillary gingiva

Question 30

canine aconthomatous ameloblastoma

Answer 30

most common odontogenic neoplasm in dogs
usually rostral mandible
invasion of underlying bone
does not metastasise

Question 31

common infectious oesophageal diseases

Answer 31

BVD
Papilloma virus

Question 32

common non-infectious oesophageal causes of disease

Answer 32

oesophagitis - inflammation of mucosa - acid reflux, iatrogenic
choke - food stuck where oesophagus narrows
persistent right aortic arch - should disappear after birth, compresses oesophagus
myasthenia gravis - idiopathic - muscles can’t contract, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
doxycycline in cats
regurgitation during general anaesthesia

Question 33

acid reflux

Answer 33

weak sphincter
hernia - stomach herniates into thoracic cavity - common in brachycephalics due to increased respiration pressure
oesophageal mucosal metaplasia - change from squamous to columnar, makes more protective mucous

Question 34

abomasitis

Answer 34

clostridium septicum (Braxy)
clostridium sordelli
BVD
malignant catarrhal fever

Question 35

gastritis

Answer 35

often in combination with inflammatory bowel disease
helicobacter spp - commensal - can cause problems if overgrowth (esp. humans and ferrets)

Question 36

ulcers

Answer 36

common in horses and pigs
pigs - high grain diet, non-glandular oesophageal portion of stomach
inappropriate feed, stress, NSAIDs
cows - usually associated with ruminal acidosis

Question 37

traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)

Answer 37

eat bit of wire or something
how bad signs are depends on how bad it’s poking through
cranial abdominal pain, arched back, reluctance to lie down or do downhill, erect hair at withers, uneasy gait
pole test
if wire goes into pericardium - pericarditis, heart failure

Question 38

abomasal displacement

Answer 38

common in high yielding dairy cows after birth
contributors - hypomotility, hypocalcemia, high concentrate diet
left displaced - more common
right displaced - within 1 month of calving - calf gone so space for abomasum to swing around
–> metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia

Question 39

bloat

Answer 39

clinical distension of abdomen
usually due to inability of liquid or gas to exit stomach
cows - ruminal tympany - frother (primary - lowered ruminal pH) or gassy (secondary - blockage)
dogs - gorging, GDV (can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy)

Question 40

gastric dilation - horses

Answer 40

stomach fills with fluid - from obstructive colic or motility disorders
grass sickness - clostridium botulinum - autonomic neurons lost so no peristalsis

Question 41

perforation

Answer 41

gaseous distension - common postmortem finding
if left long enough –> perforation
inflammation can’t occur after death so if evidence of inflammation then must have happened before death