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Pathology > Haemoparasites > Flashcards

Haemoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

Feline Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas - bacteria

A

cell wall free bactera
acute haemolytic anaemia
3 types:
- m. haemofelis - most pathogenic
- candidatas m. haemimutum - asymptomatic or mild, anemia in immune compromised - most common
- candidata m. turicensis - least pathogenic
can get combination of the 3

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2
Q

Feline Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas - signs

A

related to severity of anaemia
weakness
lethargy
pale mm
intermittent fever
tachycardia
tachypnea
haemic murmurs
depression collapse

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3
Q

Feline Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas - pathology

A

regenerative anaemia
increased reticulocytes
mild haemolysis (hyperbilirubinemia)
extravascular hemolysis
positive coombs test and autoagglutination

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4
Q

Feline Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas - diagnosis

A

blood smear - cocci on surface of RBCs
PCR - bacterial DNA

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5
Q

Babesia Canis - Protozoa

A

tick borne
dermacentor reticulatus
invade RBCs –> differentiate and divide —> rupture cells

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6
Q

Babesia Canis - signs

A

hemolytic anaemia
fever
lethargy
anorexia
jaundice
vomiting
hemoglobinuria
systemic inflammation
chronic carrier status

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7
Q

Babesia Canis - pathology

A

regenerative anemia
intravascular destruction
autoantibody production
spherocytes
positive coombs test
thrombocytopenia and neutropenia

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8
Q

Babesia Canis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - large paired piriform organisms
PCR - protozoan DNA

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9
Q

Babesia Canis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - large paired piriform organisms
PCR - protozoan DNA
serology - ELISA, immunoflouresence - only indicates exposure

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10
Q

Canine Hepatozoonosis - protozoa

A

tick borne
rhipicephalus tick
eat tick - sporozoites penetrate intestinal epithelium
infect neutrophils

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11
Q

Canine Hepatozoonosis - signs

A

related to parasite burden
low burden - asymptomatic
higher burden - severe
secondary infection (neutropenia)
non-specific signs of infection
hyperglobinemia
hypoalbuminemia
non-regenerative anemia
neutrophilia

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12
Q

Canine Hepatozoonosis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - pale blue elliptical gamonts
buffy coat smear - increased with number of neutrophils
PCR

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13
Q

Heartworm - parasite

A

mosquito vector
nematode - dirofilaria immitis
3 stage lifecycle - microfilaria (blood), larvae (mosquito and tissue), adult (pulmonary artery and right atrium)
pass at L3

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14
Q

Heartworm - signs

A

caused by worms in pulmonary artery and ehart
mild - asymptomatic, cough
moderate - cough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds
severe - as above, plus dyspnea, abnormal heart sounds, enlarge liver, syncope, ascites, death
caval syndrome - sudden severe lethergy and weakness, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, acute cardiac emergency

cats - more resistant, usually asymptomatic

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15
Q

Heartworm - diagnosis

A

antigen detection - secreted by adult female
modified knott test

use both to confirm

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16
Q

Bovine Babesiosis - protozoa

A

tick borne
merozoites invade RBCs, multiply then burst out

17
Q

Bovine Babesiosis - signs

A

related to severity of hemolysis
fever
depression
icterus
anorexia
tachycardia
tachypnea
pale mm
hemoglobinuria
reduced fertility
abortion

18
Q

Bovine Babesiosis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - single or paired oval or pear shaped structures
PCR

19
Q

Bovine Anaplasmosis - bacteria

A

tick borne - ixoeds
obligate intracellular bacteria
lives in neutrophils

20
Q

Bovine Anaplasmosis - signs

A

immune suppression
abortion
milk drop
increases susceptibility to secondary infections
chronic infection

21
Q

Bovine Anaplasmosis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - mulberry like cocci colonies
PCR
serology - ELISA - not routine

22
Q

Equine Piroplasmosis - protozoa

A

thileria equii and babesia cabali
also tick borne
lives in RBCs, the ruptures them and releases into circulation

23
Q

Equine Piroplasmosis - signs

A

acute, subacute and chronic types

acute -
hemolytic anemia
icterus
hemoglobinuria
thrombocytopenia
fever
inappetence
odema
death

chronic/carrier -
mild non-specific signs
anemia
lethargy
anorexia
weight loss
can still transmit

24
Q

Equine Piroplasmosis - diagnosis

A

blood smear - pear shaped cabali, smaller ovoid equi in cross shapes
serology - cELISA, complement fixation test
PCR - available but false negatives

ELISA best from chronic, CFT for acute

25
Q

Camelid Mycoplasma - parasite

A

candidatus mycoplasma hemolamae

anemia, often sub clinical

regenerative anemia

26
Q

endothelial cells

A

inner surface of circulatory system
interface between circulating blood and tissue
monitors chemical and physical stimuli
maintains homeostasis

27
Q

endothelial cells - functions

A

selectively permeable blood-tissue barrier
modulation of vascular tone - no smooth muscle in capillaries
regulation of haemostasis
regulation of inflammation - complementary adhesion molecules
participating in angiogenesis, wound healing and tumour metastasis

28
Q

endothelial cells - properties

A

surfaces - luminal (between blood and cell), abluminal (on subendothelium), lateral (cell to cell bridging)
coated with glycoproteins
2 types - continuous, fenestrated or discontinuous
produce vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
anticoagulation

29
Q

endothelial cells - anticoagulant properties

A

covering - prevents contact activation or intrinsic clotting cascade
negative changed glycocalyx layer repels coagulation factors
maintenance of vascular tone - circulating blood removes activated producys
vasodilation
thrombomodulin - inhibits thrombin catalytic activity, removes thrombin
fibronolysis - fibrin degraded by plasma
inhibition of platelets are serine proteases

30
Q

endothelial cells - products

A

von willebrand factor - glycoprotein, promotes platelet adhesion and thrombin formation
tissue factor - protein, embedded in phopholipid bilayer, procoagulant, produced more in inflammation
serine proteases - eg. Factor V - produced in response to mechanical injury
plasminogen activator inhibitors - inhibits plasmin-induced fibronolysis

Pathology (24 decks)

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