Endocrine and Urinary

Question 1

epithelium

Answer 1

fenestrated

Question 2

filtration

Answer 2

dependant on intrinsic and systemic factors
maintained at same rate
RAAS

Question 3

RAAS

Answer 3

renin released by kidney in response to low BP –> angiotensin –> angiotensin I –> angiotensin II –> aldosterone release at adrenals

Question 4

tubules function

Answer 4

reabsorption of water, glucose, electrolytes and bicarbonate
controls urine concentration - so if USG problem usually here

Question 5

kidney functions (5)

Answer 5

eliminating waste
acid base regulation
conservation of water
maintenance of electrolyte balance
other metabolic and endocrine functions

Question 6

routes of infection

Answer 6

ascending - eg. pylonephritis - bacteria ascends from bladder up ureters
hematogenous - from blood (kidneys have a lot of blood vessels)

Question 7

toxins

Answer 7

direct toxins - administered directly to the animal –> necrosis of tubular cells
toxic metabolites - metabolism in liver produces toxins which damage kidneys
intrinsic toxins - eg. hemoglobin or myoglobin in high concentrations. (rhabdo or maple poisoning)

Question 8

ischaemia

Answer 8

sudden drop in blood flow to kidneys
acute - sepsis, heatstroke, thromboembolism, acute haemorrhage, shock
chronic - congestive heart failure
drugs that affect blood flow to the kidneys

Question 9

hydronephrosis

Answer 9

dilation of renal pelvis - fills with urine
usually due to downstream damage
increased pressure –> urine forced into interstitium –> collapse of vessels –> hypoxia –> repair by fibrosis

Question 10

nephroliths

Answer 10

kidney stones

Question 11

uroliths

Answer 11

ureter stones (also sometimes used for bladder stones)

Question 12

cystoliths

Answer 12

bladder stones

Question 13

methods of renal injury

Answer 13

infection
inflammation
toxins
neoplasia

function up to 75% functional loss

Question 14

acute kidney failure types

Answer 14

pre renal - reduced blood flow
renal - tubular necrosis
post renal - urinary obstruction

Question 15

azotemia

Answer 15

failure to eliminate waste - increased nirtogenous waste products, urea and creatinine

Question 16

metabolic acidosis

Answer 16

inability to maintain acid-base balance

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

inability to maintain blood volume and pressure

Question 18

uremia

Answer 18

systemic changes associated with azotemia - build up of uremic toxins (creatinine, urea)

Question 19

chronic kidney failure

Answer 19

nephron damaged –> replaced by fibrosis
eventual azotemia and uremia
signs - hypertension, anemia, hypokalemia, calcium deposition in soft tissues
morphology - pale tan colour, multi-focal depression in cortex, scar tissue from healing by necrosis, small, pale shrunken, knobbly kidneys

Question 20

calcium homeostasis

Answer 20

kidneys key in regulating
involves kidney, gut, bone, thyroid and parathyroid
role of kidney - reabsorption in tubules, phosphate excretion, activation of vitamin D (reabsorbs calcium from the intestine)
low calcium –> PTH release –> more calcium released from bones –> weak bones
can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism from excess PTH production

Question 21

congenital disorders of kidneys

Answer 21

aplasia - never formed
hypoplasia - small kidneys
dysplasia - abnormally formed

Question 22

renal dysplasia

Answer 22

progressive juvenile nephropathies (PJN) - heritable collagen defect (common in samoyeds)
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - types 1 & 2 - 1 dominant so can be tested and bred out, 2 is autosomal recessive

Question 23

renal neoplasia

Answer 23

renal cell carcinoma
urothelial cell carcinoma
lymphoma - metastasises to kidney

Question 24

Pathology of endocrine system

Answer 24

over or under production of hormones
inability to respond to hormone production
exogenous hormone administration (iatrogenic)
production of hormone-like substance from neoplasia (eg PTH like hormone from anal sac carcinoma)
underproduction due to immune mediated destruction of endocrine organ
overproduction usually due to hyperplasia or neoplasia

Question 25

adrenal gland hormones

Answer 25

medulla (middle) - catecholamines, peptides
cortex (outer) - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

Question 26

endocrine hyperplasia/neoplasia

Answer 26

adenoma of thyroid –> goitre

Question 27

goitre

Answer 27

enlarged thyroid gland
common in cats with hyperthyroidism
low iodine - needed to make thyroid hormones
oedematous skin, lack of fur

Question 28

endocrine hypoplasia

Answer 28

congenital aplasia or hypoplasia
no upstream synthesis to produce hormones
immune mediated or iatrogenic

Question 29

endocrine systemic effects

Answer 29

usually insidious and chronic
sometimes acute and life threatening

Question 30

sandwich ELISA

Answer 30

dynamic testing - suppression and stimulation testing - administer drug that should result in negative feedback or increase a hormone which would be exaggerated in a diseased animal
static/basal testing - just testing base levels

Question 31

feline hyperthyroidism

Answer 31

hyperplastic or neoplastic thyroid gland
too much T3 and T4, sometimes increased ALT
basal T4 testing
total T4 concentration testing - cheap and easy, but not always diagnostic
free T4 concentration - more accurate but less readily available

Question 32

Canine hypothyroidism

Answer 32

over diagnosed
slowing down, weight gain, lethargy, coat changes - non- specific signs
serum T4 naturally decreases in older dogs
basal total T4 or free T4 testing
dynamic - TSH stimulation test

results - euthyroid - free and total T4 within reference range
hypothyroid - TT4 and FT4 low, TSH increased

Question 33

Canine hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

Answer 33

over diagnosed
if treated when unnecessary can cause hypoadrenocorticism which can be fatal
PUPD, +/- polyphagia, coat changes, pot belly, lethargy, panting, weakness, weight gain

ACTH stimulation - cortisol increases past expected range
low-dose dexamethasone suppression test - marked cortisol suppression