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Biology > Replication of DNA > Flashcards

Replication of DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

A double helix of DNA makes an exact copy of itself.

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2
Q

When does the replication of DNA occur?

A

Immediately before mitosis.

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3
Q

What are the three stages of DNA replication?

A
  1. Original DNA
  2. Two strands separate and new bases join to either side.
  3. Two separate DNA molecules are formed.
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4
Q

During DNA replication, what allows the DNA to unwind?

A

The weak hydrogen bonds break between the bases.

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5
Q

When the DNA unzips during replication, what is the new shape called?

A

The two template strands produce a ‘Y-shaped replication fork’.

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6
Q

What are the names of the two strands during DNA replication?

A

Leading and lagging.

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7
Q

What prime end is the leading strand?

A

3’ end

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8
Q

What prime end is the lagging strand?

A

5’ end

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9
Q

Why is the strand called leading?

A

Complementary DNA nucleotides are added continuously to make a new strand.

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10
Q

Why is the strand called lagging?

A

Complementary DNA nucleotides make DNA fragments that must be joined together to make a new strand.

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11
Q

What are primers?

A

Short complementary sequences of nucleotides that are required at the start of a new DNA strand.

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12
Q

Where do primers bind?

A

Only to the 3’ end.

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13
Q

What enzyme adds the complementary nucleotides during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

What does the enzyme DNA polymerase do?

A

Adds complementary nucleotides to the 3’ end and synthesises a complementary strand continuously from 5’ to 3’.

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15
Q

How many primers do you need for the lagging strand?

A

Several

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16
Q

How are complementary nucleotides joined to the lagging strand?

A

DNA polymerase adds them in fragments.

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17
Q

What enzymes do you need for the lagging strand?

A

DNA polymerase and ligase.

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18
Q

What is ligase used for in DNA replication?

A

Joining the fragments together for the lagging strand.

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19
Q

The formulation of which strand of DNA replication is discontinuous?

A

The lagging strand.

20
Q

How many replication forks are formed during DNA replication?

A

Many

21
Q

Why are there many replication forks formed at the same time during DNA replication?

A

To ensure the whole chromosome is replicated quickly and efficiently.

22
Q

What is each replicated DNA molecule made up of?

A

One original strand and one new strand.

23
Q

What are the 6 things that may be required during DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA template
  2. Free DNA nucleotides
  3. Primers
  4. DNA polymerase
  5. Ligase
  6. ATP
24
Q

What is the DNA template in DNA replication?

A

The original strands of DNA.

25
Q

What are the free DNA nucleotides used in DNA replication?

A

To make new complementary strands.

26
Q

What are primers in DNA replication?

A

Needed for DNA polymerase to bind to. They are the start point of a new complementary strand or fragment.

27
Q

What is DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

A

The enzyme that adds free nucleotides to make a complementary strand or fragment.

28
Q

What is ligase in DNA replication?

A

The enzyme which joins the DNA of the lagging strand (like glue).

29
Q

What is ATP used for in DNA replication?

A

The energy required for DNA replication.

30
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

31
Q

What is PCR?

A

A technique used to create many copies of a fragment of DNA in a laboratory setting.

32
Q

What is the amplification of DNA?

A

A large quantity of the DNA fragment is made.

33
Q

What do you need to start PCR?

A

A DNA template strand that will be amplified.

34
Q

What is the first step of PCR?

A

The DNA sample is HEATED to 92-98C, which breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases and separates the DNA strands.

35
Q

What is the second step of PCR?

A

The DNA sample is COOLED to 50-65C, which allows short primers to bind to the separated DNA strands.

36
Q

What is the third step of PCR?

A

The DNA sample is HEATED to 70-80C, allowing heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the original strands.

37
Q

Name the heat-tolerant enzyme used in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

38
Q

What are the steps of PCR?

A
  1. Heated so hydrogen bonds break
  2. Cooled and primers are added
  3. Heated and DNA polymerase is added
  4. First cycle of DNA replication has now ended.
39
Q

How many copies of DNA will you have after one cycle of PCR?

A

Two identical molecules of DNA.

40
Q

How many copies of DNA would you have after 5 cycles of PCR?

A

2^5 = 32

41
Q

Where is PCR carried out?

A

In a thermocycler

42
Q

Why is a thermocycler useful?

A

Automatically carries out repeated cycles of PCR and can create millions of copies of DNA in a few hours.

43
Q

What are some of the uses of PCR?

A
  • forensics (crime scene fluids)
  • paternity (check if related)
  • diagnosis of genetic disorders
44
Q

What are the 5 things necessary for PCR to be carried out?

A
  1. DNA template strand
  2. Primers
  3. Supply of nucleotides
  4. pH buffer
  5. Heat tolerant DNA polymerase

Within a thermocycler.

45
Q

Why do you need a pH buffer during PCR?

A

To maintain the optimum pH for DNA replication.

Biology (24 decks)

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