Renal System

Question 1

Osmolarity

Answer 1

The concentration of solutes (salts, sugars, etc.) in a solution

Question 2

Osmoconformers

Answer 2

Match their body osmolarity to the surrounding environment (most marine invertebrates, sharks)

Question 3

Osmoregulators

Answer 3

Maintain a constant internal osmolarity regardless of the environment (most freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates)

Question 4

Osmoregulatory Organs

Answer 4

Kidneys, gills, salt glands, and skin

Question 5

Freshwater

Answer 5

Hypotonic environment where water enters body, salt out

Question 6

Salt Water

Answer 6

Hypertonic environment where water leaves body, salt enter

Question 7

Stenohyaline

Answer 7

Organisms that can only survive within a narrow range of salinity

Question 8

Euryhaline

Answer 8

Organisms that can tolerate a wide range of salinities

Question 9

Osmoregulating Hormones

Answer 9

Aldosterone, ADH, RAAS (Angiotensin), Cortisol, Renin

Question 10

Water-Conserving Adaptations

Answer 10

Behaviors, Structures, Mechanism, Metabolic Water

Question 11

Ammonotelic

Answer 11

Nitrogenous waste excreted as ammonia, most aquatic

Question 12

Ureotelic

Answer 12

Nitrogenous waste is excreted as urea; most terrestrial and sharks

Question 13

Uricotelic

Answer 13

Nitrogenous waste excreted as uric acid (birds, reptiles, desert animals, purine metabolism)

Question 14

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Answer 14

Amount of filtrate produced by kidneys each minute

Question 15

NFP

Answer 15

NHP - COP

Question 16

Glomerulus

Answer 16

Network of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule, empty much of the fluid from the blood

Question 17

Increased Aldosterone

Answer 17

Increased Sodium/Potassium Reabsorption

Question 18

RASS Pathway

Answer 18

Stimulated by low blood pressure

Question 19

Renin

Answer 19

Converts Angiotensinogen to ATI

Question 20

ACE

Answer 20

AT1 to AT2

Question 21

ADH (Vasopressin)

Answer 21

increased permeability of the collecting duct when dehydrated

Question 22

Descending Loop of Henle

Answer 22

H2O leaves

Question 23

Ascending Loop of Henle

Answer 23

Na+/K+/Cl- leaves

Question 24

Urea

Answer 24

polar, can cross the membrane, can be reabsorbed

Question 25

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 25

Aldosterone Sensitive

Question 26

Renal Threshold

Answer 26

Upper limit to reabsorption

Question 27

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 27

glucose will appear in the urine

Question 28

Renin/Angiotensin

Answer 28

Increase BP

Question 29

Mesangial Cells

Answer 29

Help control blood flow through the glomerulus, found between the capillaries

Question 30

Podocytes

Answer 30

Issue several foot processes that form filtration slits, and interact with the basement membrane to create a filter that retains blood cells and large proteins in the plasma while permitting the passage of fluids through filtration slits

Question 31

Angiotensin II (PG)

Answer 31

Vasopressin release

Question 32

Angiotensin II (Adrenals)

Answer 32

Aldosterone release

Question 33

Angiotensin II (Arterioles)

Answer 33

Vasoconstriction

Question 34

Blood volume increase, resistance increase

Answer 34

Increased BP

Question 35

ADH Pathway

Answer 35

Binds to G-coupled protein, triggers Protein Kinase A, cytoskeleton translocates aquaporins to cell surface for increased permeability