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Physiology and Anatomy > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Immediate immune response, non-specific, rapid, inflammatory, Antigen-presenting cells, not remembered

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific immune response, slow, remembered, cell-mediated, contact-dependent, antibody-mediated, antibodies

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3
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Skin, mucosal, mucus

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4
Q

Mechanical Barriers

A

Flushing mechanisms such as cilia, fluid flow

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5
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

Enzymes and antibodies, pH

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6
Q

Innate Immune Cells

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, NK, Dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils

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7
Q

Adaptive Immune Cells

A

B lymphocytes (plasma cells), T lymphocytes (cytoxic, helper, regulatory), Antibodies

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8
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ

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9
Q

Lymph Fluid

A

reservoir for blood volume

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasites and allergic reactions

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic, release cytokines, inflammatory mediators

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12
Q

Basophils

A

circulate, innate, inflammatory

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13
Q

Mast Cells

A

fixed in tissues, innate, inflammatory

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

precursors of tissue macrophages

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15
Q

Dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells in skin and various organs

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16
Q

Lymphocyte Differentiation

A

NK, T (thymus), B, Eosinophil

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17
Q

Committed progenitor cell differentiation

A

Mast Cell, Basophil, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte, Reticulocyte, Dendritic Cell

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18
Q

Megakaryocyte Differentiation

A

Platelets

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19
Q

Reticulocyte Differentiation

A

Erythrocyte

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20
Q

Monocyte Differentiation

A

Macrophage

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21
Q

Origin of NK cells

A

Bone Marrow (HSCs)

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22
Q

Antigen

A

exterior marker for cell recognition

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23
Q

Development of Self-Tolerance

A

Lymphocytes insert their receptors into the membranes

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24
Q

Chemotaxins

A

Molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection

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25
Q

Opsonins

A

Proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them

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26
Q

Pyrogens

A

Fever-producing substances

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27
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

Liver proteins that act as opsonins and that enhance the inflammatory response

28
Q

Bradykinin

A

Stimulates pain receptors, vasodilator

29
Q

Complement

A

Plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation

30
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Opsonin that activates complement cascades

31
Q

Granzymes

A

Cytoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis

32
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

33
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils

34
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response

35
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes

36
Q

Kinins

A

Plasma proteins that activate to form bradykinin

37
Q

Lysozyme

A

Extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria

38
Q

Perforin

A

Membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter the cell, made by NK and cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

MHC

A

Membrane protein complexes that display antigen fragments on the cell surface

40
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins secreted by B lymphocytes that fight specific invaders

41
Q

T-Cell Receptors

A

Recognize and bind antigen presented by MHC receptors

42
Q

IgG

A

most abundant in serum, produced in secondary responses, crosses the placenta

43
Q

IgA

A

external secretions (milk)

44
Q

IgE

A

targets gut parties and are associated with allergic responses

45
Q

IgM

A

associated with primary responses, react strongly with complements

46
Q

IgD

A

appear on the surface of B cells, role unclear

47
Q

First Line of Defense (Innate)

A

Physical barriers, chemical barriers

48
Q

Second Line of Defense (Innate)

A

Phagocytosis (Macrophages), Inflammatory, Fever, NK cells

49
Q

Third Line of Defense (Active)

A

T cells, B cells, Antigens, Antibodies (passive)

50
Q

Stomach Acidity

A

low pH destroys swallowed pathogens

51
Q

Steps of Phagocytosis

A
  1. Brings pathogen into cell
  2. Phagosome contains ingested pathogen
  3. Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen, producing antigenic fragments
52
Q

Inflammation

A
  1. Attracts immune cells and chemical mediators to the site
  2. Producing a physical barrier to retard the spread of infections
  3. Promoting tissue repair once the infection is under control
53
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A

redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor)

54
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Stops reaction of cytotoxic T cells, effector cell, regulatory

55
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

Quicker and larger because of memory B cells

56
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

Triggered by antigen exposure, Naive lymphocyte + first exposure

57
Q

Antibody Functions

A

Clumping, inactivation og bacterial toxins, act as opsonins, trigger degranulation of immune cells, activate complement proteins, activate B lymphocytes

58
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Acquired antibodies made by other organisms, natural (placenta), artificial (gamma globulins)

59
Q

Active Immunity (natural v artificial)

A

Body is exposed to a pathogen and produces its own antibodies, natural (infection), artificial (vaccination)

60
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Release pore-forming performs and granzymes, activate Fas to induce apoptosis

61
Q

Helper T (TH) Cells

A

Bind and secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells, HIV destroys helper T cells

62
Q

Tregs

A

Do not directly attack pathogen and bind to MHC-II complexes, suppress immune cell function to prevent excessive response

63
Q

T Lymphocyte Activation

A
  1. Cell binds to T lymphocyte
  2. Signal transduction activates T lymphocyte
  3. Cytoxic T cells kill target cells by using perforin and granzymes or by activating Fas
  4. Helper T cells and Greg cells release cytokines that activate or suppress other immune cells
64
Q

Allergy

A

Inflammatory immune response to a nonpathogenic antigen (allergen), sensitivity/hypersensitivity

65
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Mediated by IgE and massive release of histamine, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, shock

Physiology and Anatomy (17 decks)

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