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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Immediate immune response, non-specific, rapid, inflammatory, Antigen-presenting cells, not remembered

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific immune response, slow, remembered, cell-mediated, contact-dependent, antibody-mediated, antibodies

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3
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Skin, mucosal, mucus

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4
Q

Mechanical Barriers

A

Flushing mechanisms such as cilia, fluid flow

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5
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

Enzymes and antibodies, pH

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6
Q

Innate Immune Cells

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, NK, Dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils

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7
Q

Adaptive Immune Cells

A

B lymphocytes (plasma cells), T lymphocytes (cytoxic, helper, regulatory), Antibodies

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8
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ

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9
Q

Lymph Fluid

A

reservoir for blood volume

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasites and allergic reactions

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic, release cytokines, inflammatory mediators

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12
Q

Basophils

A

circulate, innate, inflammatory

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13
Q

Mast Cells

A

fixed in tissues, innate, inflammatory

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

precursors of tissue macrophages

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15
Q

Dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells in skin and various organs

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16
Q

Lymphocyte Differentiation

A

NK, T (thymus), B, Eosinophil

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17
Q

Committed progenitor cell differentiation

A

Mast Cell, Basophil, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte, Reticulocyte, Dendritic Cell

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18
Q

Megakaryocyte Differentiation

A

Platelets

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19
Q

Reticulocyte Differentiation

A

Erythrocyte

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20
Q

Monocyte Differentiation

A

Macrophage

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21
Q

Origin of NK cells

A

Bone Marrow (HSCs)

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22
Q

Antigen

A

exterior marker for cell recognition

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23
Q

Development of Self-Tolerance

A

Lymphocytes insert their receptors into the membranes

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24
Q

Chemotaxins

A

Molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection

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25
Opsonins
Proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them
26
Pyrogens
Fever-producing substances
27
Acute Phase Proteins
Liver proteins that act as opsonins and that enhance the inflammatory response
28
Bradykinin
Stimulates pain receptors, vasodilator
29
Complement
Plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation
30
C-reactive protein
Opsonin that activates complement cascades
31
Granzymes
Cytoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis
32
Heparin
Anticoagulant
33
Histamine
Vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils
34
Interferons
Cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response
35
Interleukins
Cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes
36
Kinins
Plasma proteins that activate to form bradykinin
37
Lysozyme
Extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria
38
Perforin
Membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter the cell, made by NK and cytotoxic T cells
39
MHC
Membrane protein complexes that display antigen fragments on the cell surface
40
Antibodies
Proteins secreted by B lymphocytes that fight specific invaders
41
T-Cell Receptors
Recognize and bind antigen presented by MHC receptors
42
IgG
most abundant in serum, produced in secondary responses, crosses the placenta
43
IgA
external secretions (milk)
44
IgE
targets gut parties and are associated with allergic responses
45
IgM
associated with primary responses, react strongly with complements
46
IgD
appear on the surface of B cells, role unclear
47
First Line of Defense (Innate)
Physical barriers, chemical barriers
48
Second Line of Defense (Innate)
Phagocytosis (Macrophages), Inflammatory, Fever, NK cells
49
Third Line of Defense (Active)
T cells, B cells, Antigens, Antibodies (passive)
50
Stomach Acidity
low pH destroys swallowed pathogens
51
Steps of Phagocytosis
1. Brings pathogen into cell 2. Phagosome contains ingested pathogen 3. Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen, producing antigenic fragments
52
Inflammation
1. Attracts immune cells and chemical mediators to the site 2. Producing a physical barrier to retard the spread of infections 3. Promoting tissue repair once the infection is under control
53
Signs of Inflammation
redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor)
54
Suppressor T cells
Stops reaction of cytotoxic T cells, effector cell, regulatory
55
Secondary Immune Response
Quicker and larger because of memory B cells
56
Clonal Expansion
Triggered by antigen exposure, Naive lymphocyte + first exposure
57
Antibody Functions
Clumping, inactivation og bacterial toxins, act as opsonins, trigger degranulation of immune cells, activate complement proteins, activate B lymphocytes
58
Passive Immunity
Acquired antibodies made by other organisms, natural (placenta), artificial (gamma globulins)
59
Active Immunity (natural v artificial)
Body is exposed to a pathogen and produces its own antibodies, natural (infection), artificial (vaccination)
60
Cytotoxic T Cells
Release pore-forming performs and granzymes, activate Fas to induce apoptosis
61
Helper T (TH) Cells
Bind and secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells, HIV destroys helper T cells
62
Tregs
Do not directly attack pathogen and bind to MHC-II complexes, suppress immune cell function to prevent excessive response
63
T Lymphocyte Activation
1. Cell binds to T lymphocyte 2. Signal transduction activates T lymphocyte 3. Cytoxic T cells kill target cells by using perforin and granzymes or by activating Fas 4. Helper T cells and Greg cells release cytokines that activate or suppress other immune cells
64
Allergy
Inflammatory immune response to a nonpathogenic antigen (allergen), sensitivity/hypersensitivity
65
Anaphylaxis
Mediated by IgE and massive release of histamine, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, shock

Physiology and Anatomy (17 decks)

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