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Physiology and Anatomy > BIOL 311 Exam > Flashcards

BIOL 311 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

(+,+)

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2
Q

Parasitism

A

(+,-)

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

(+,0)

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4
Q

Optimal Foraging Dependency

A

Handling time, search time

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5
Q

Generalists

A

High handling time, high search time, carnivores

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6
Q

Specialists

A

Low handling time, low search time

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7
Q

Aposematism

A

Coloration warning

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8
Q

Mimicry

A

coral snack/king snake example

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9
Q

Crypsis

A

Blend in with environment

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10
Q

Venomous

A

Injected, bites, snakes, spiders, stingrays

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11
Q

Poisonous

A

Absorbed, consumed, inhaled, amphibians, plants, fungi

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12
Q

Predator Avoidance

A

trade-offs, physical compensations, physical barriers, chemical signs

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13
Q

Masting

A

Synchronized mass production of seeds in some years and few or no seeds in other years

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14
Q

Lotka-Volterra Model

A

Predator-Prey Dynamics

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15
Q

Predator-Prey Cycles

A

Abundant prey -> abundant predators -> less abundant prey -> less abundant predators -> abundant prey (coupled oscillations with time delay)

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16
Q

Predator-Prey Cycles in Lab

A

Driven to extinction with lack of space, hide-and-seek dynamics

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17
Q

Host Organisms

A

Increasing body size = increasing niches for parasites

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18
Q

Ectoparasitism

A

Dispersal easier, safer from host’s immune system, feeding is more difficult, greater exposure to external environment, greater vulnerability to natural enemies

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19
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Feeding easier, more protection from external environment, dispersal is more difficult, greater vulnerability to host’s immune system

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20
Q

Ectoparasite Examples

A

Ticks, fleas

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21
Q

Transferrin

A

A protein that transports iron from the blood serum to intracellular compartments to take Fe away from parasites

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22
Q

Defensive Symbionts

A

“Good Microbes”, Aided by mutualistic symbionts, such as bacteria and fungi

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23
Q

Latent Period

A

Time in between exposure to symptoms

24
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Mother-to-Child

25
Q

Intra

A

within

26
Q

Inter

A

between

27
Q

Exploitative Competition

A

Occurs via consumption of resources which become no longer available

28
Q

Interference Competition

A

One individual inhabits the access to a resource by another individual

29
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

Asymmetry can lead to one species driving another to local extinction

30
Q

Symbiosis

A

A physically close association between the individuals of pairs of species

31
Q

Obligate Mutualism

A

A condition in which a mutualistic relationship with other species is essential for species to survive

32
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

The condition in which one or both species in a mutualistic association may survive and maintain populations in the absence of the other partner

33
Q

Myocorrhizal Assocations

A

Vascular plant’s root and fungi that associate over Earth’s surface

34
Q

Guild

A

Group of species that use the same resources even though they be taxonomically distant

35
Q

Functional Group

A

Subset of a community that includes species that function in a similar way but may or may not use similar resources

36
Q

Species diversity

A

a measure that combines richness and evenness

37
Q

Species Richness

A

the number of species

38
Q

Species Evenness

A

the relative abundances of species in a community

39
Q

Species Composition

A

the identities of the species present in a community

40
Q

Foundation Species

A

Large effects on their communities by virtue of their large size and abundance (i.e. trees)

41
Q

Keystone Species

A

Large effects on their communities despite their small size and abundance (i.e. sea otter)

42
Q

Alpha Diversity

A

Diversity at the local scale (within a community)

43
Q

Beta Diversity

A

Connection between local and regional scales (between communities)

44
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

All species in a region, high when individual communities are diverse and differ in composition

45
Q

Importance of Biodiversity

A

Resilience, genetic diversity, ecosystem services, productivity, pharmaceuticals, aesthetic, functional redundancy, equilibrium

46
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Father of Biogeography and co-discoverer of the process of natural selection

47
Q

Wallace’s Conclusions

A
  1. Six biogeographic regions with distinct flora/fauna
  2. Diversity is greatest in the tropics and decreases towards the poles
48
Q

Species Diversification Rate

A

Greater chance of reproductive isolation = more speciation, decrease extinction by mitigating stochasticity, thermal stability

49
Q

Three Hypotheses of Tropics Diversity

A

Diversification Rate, Diversification Time, Productivity/Carrying Capacity

50
Q

Species Diversification Time

A

More uninterrupted time to evolve, implication for diversity loss due to human impacts

51
Q

Tropics Productivity

A

O2 consumption and production, high biomass

52
Q

Equilibrium Theory of Islands (Wilson)

A
  1. Island size controls extinction rate
  2. Island isolation controls immigration rate
  3. Actual species richness is determined by equilibrium between immigration and extinction
53
Q

The Distance Effect

A

Shorter Distance = More

54
Q

The Target Effect

A

Bigger Size = Bigger Target = More

55
Q

The Rescue Effect

A

Closer to mainland, saved by immigration

Physiology and Anatomy (15 decks)

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