BIOL 311 Exam

Question 1

Mutualism

Answer 1

(+,+)

Question 2

Parasitism

Answer 2

(+,-)

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

(+,0)

Question 4

Optimal Foraging Dependency

Answer 4

Handling time, search time

Question 5

Generalists

Answer 5

High handling time, high search time, carnivores

Question 6

Specialists

Answer 6

Low handling time, low search time

Question 7

Aposematism

Answer 7

Coloration warning

Question 8

Mimicry

Answer 8

coral snack/king snake example

Question 9

Crypsis

Answer 9

Blend in with environment

Question 10

Venomous

Answer 10

Injected, bites, snakes, spiders, stingrays

Question 11

Poisonous

Answer 11

Absorbed, consumed, inhaled, amphibians, plants, fungi

Question 12

Predator Avoidance

Answer 12

trade-offs, physical compensations, physical barriers, chemical signs

Question 13

Masting

Answer 13

Synchronized mass production of seeds in some years and few or no seeds in other years

Question 14

Lotka-Volterra Model

Answer 14

Predator-Prey Dynamics

Question 15

Predator-Prey Cycles

Answer 15

Abundant prey -> abundant predators -> less abundant prey -> less abundant predators -> abundant prey (coupled oscillations with time delay)

Question 16

Predator-Prey Cycles in Lab

Answer 16

Driven to extinction with lack of space, hide-and-seek dynamics

Question 17

Host Organisms

Answer 17

Increasing body size = increasing niches for parasites

Question 18

Ectoparasitism

Answer 18

Dispersal easier, safer from host’s immune system, feeding is more difficult, greater exposure to external environment, greater vulnerability to natural enemies

Question 19

Endoparasitism

Answer 19

Feeding easier, more protection from external environment, dispersal is more difficult, greater vulnerability to host’s immune system

Question 20

Ectoparasite Examples

Answer 20

Ticks, fleas

Question 21

Transferrin

Answer 21

A protein that transports iron from the blood serum to intracellular compartments to take Fe away from parasites

Question 22

Defensive Symbionts

Answer 22

“Good Microbes”, Aided by mutualistic symbionts, such as bacteria and fungi

Question 23

Latent Period

Answer 23

Time in between exposure to symptoms

Question 24

Vertical Transmission

Answer 24

Mother-to-Child

Question 25

Intra

Answer 25

within

Question 26

Inter

Answer 26

between

Question 27

Exploitative Competition

Answer 27

Occurs via consumption of resources which become no longer available

Question 28

Interference Competition

Answer 28

One individual inhabits the access to a resource by another individual

Question 29

Competitive Exclusion

Answer 29

Asymmetry can lead to one species driving another to local extinction

Question 30

Symbiosis

Answer 30

A physically close association between the individuals of pairs of species

Question 31

Obligate Mutualism

Answer 31

A condition in which a mutualistic relationship with other species is essential for species to survive

Question 32

Facultative Mutualism

Answer 32

The condition in which one or both species in a mutualistic association may survive and maintain populations in the absence of the other partner

Question 33

Myocorrhizal Assocations

Answer 33

Vascular plant's root and fungi that associate over Earth's surface

Question 34

Guild

Answer 34

Group of species that use the same resources even though they be taxonomically distant

Question 35

Functional Group

Answer 35

Subset of a community that includes species that function in a similar way but may or may not use similar resources

Question 36

Species diversity

Answer 36

a measure that combines richness and evenness

Question 37

Species Richness

Answer 37

the number of species

Question 38

Species Evenness

Answer 38

the relative abundances of species in a community

Question 39

Species Composition

Answer 39

the identities of the species present in a community

Question 40

Foundation Species

Answer 40

Large effects on their communities by virtue of their large size and abundance (i.e. trees)

Question 41

Keystone Species

Answer 41

Large effects on their communities despite their small size and abundance (i.e. sea otter)

Question 42

Alpha Diversity

Answer 42

Diversity at the local scale (within a community)

Question 43

Beta Diversity

Answer 43

Connection between local and regional scales (between communities)

Question 44

Gamma Diversity

Answer 44

All species in a region, high when individual communities are diverse and differ in composition

Question 45

Importance of Biodiversity

Answer 45

Resilience, genetic diversity, ecosystem services, productivity, pharmaceuticals, aesthetic, functional redundancy, equilibrium

Question 46

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 46

Father of Biogeography and co-discoverer of the process of natural selection

Question 47

Wallace's Conclusions

Answer 47

1. Six biogeographic regions with distinct flora/fauna 2. Diversity is greatest in the tropics and decreases towards the poles

Question 48

Species Diversification Rate

Answer 48

Greater chance of reproductive isolation = more speciation, decrease extinction by mitigating stochasticity, thermal stability

Question 49

Three Hypotheses of Tropics Diversity

Answer 49

Diversification Rate, Diversification Time, Productivity/Carrying Capacity

Question 50

Species Diversification Time

Answer 50

More uninterrupted time to evolve, implication for diversity loss due to human impacts

Question 51

Tropics Productivity

Answer 51

O2 consumption and production, high biomass

Question 52

Equilibrium Theory of Islands (Wilson)

Answer 52

1. Island size controls extinction rate 2. Island isolation controls immigration rate 3. Actual species richness is determined by equilibrium between immigration and extinction

Question 53

The Distance Effect

Answer 53

Shorter Distance = More

Question 54

The Target Effect

Answer 54

Bigger Size = Bigger Target = More

Question 55

The Rescue Effect

Answer 55

Closer to mainland, saved by immigration