Chapter 4 - Cell Signaling

Question 1

Quorum Sensing

Answer 1

Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

Question 2

Extracellular Messengers

Answer 2

Small molecules, amino acids, acetylcholine, epinephrine, dopamine, NO, CO, steroids, peptides

Question 3

Neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Cell to cell communication, nerve to nerve, or nerve to muscle

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

Long distance ommunication through blood nerve to gland, or gland to tissue/organ (low level signals)

Question 5

Pheromones

Answer 5

Long distance communication through air

Question 6

Cytokines

Answer 6

Local communication cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue mediates the immune response

Question 7

Autocines

Answer 7

Cytokine signals to self (releasing cell)

Question 8

Paracrine

Answer 8

Cytokine signals to neighboring cell

Question 9

Hormones act through __.

Answer 9

Membrane-bound, nuclear, and cytoplasmic receptors

Question 10

Hormones are made up of either __.

Answer 10

Steroids, peptides, or amino acid derivatives

Question 11

Direct Signaling

Answer 11

Via aqueous pores that connect adjacent cells (i.e. cardiac gap junctions)

Question 12

Indirect Signaling

Answer 12

Signaling cell releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular environment

Question 13

Neural Signaling

Answer 13

Electrical signals travel across long distances within a single-cell (chemical/electrical synapses)

Question 14

Interferon Family

Answer 14

Antiviral proteins

Question 15

Chemokine Family

Answer 15

Direct cell migration, adhesion and activation

Question 16

Haemetopoietins

Answer 16

Blood, Promote cell proliferation and differentiation

Question 17

Aldosterone

Answer 17

Rids K+, takes NACl and H20

Question 18

Water Soluble Hormones

Answer 18

Oxytocin, Vasopressin (ADH), T4 (inactive), T3 (active)

Question 19

Oxytocin

Answer 19

Mammary (lactation), Uterus (promotes contractions)

Question 20

T4

Answer 20

Inactive, 90% abundance

Question 21

T3

Answer 21

Active, 10% abundance

Question 22

Hemichannel

Answer 22

Connexon, 2 create gap junction

Question 23

Connexin

Answer 23

6 in one connexon (hemichannel)

Question 24

Exocrine Gland

Answer 24

Secrete chemicals into ducts that lead to the surface of the body, Skin (oils, wax, sweat), Digestive (lumen, stomach, enzymes, bicarb)

Question 25

Endocrine Gland

Answer 25

Secrete hormones directly into the extracellular fluid where they diffuse into the circulatory system, Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans, Insulin, Glucagon)

Question 26

Synthesis of Peptide Hormones

Answer 26

RER -> Golgi (post mods) -> Secretory Vesicles -> Plasma Membrane -> Exocytosis

Question 27

Constrictive Secretion

Answer 27

Constant, Unregulated

Question 28

Regulated Secretion

Answer 28

Stimulus dependent (i.e ADH)

Question 29

Kd

Answer 29

Ligand Receptor Affinity

Question 30

Low Kd

Answer 30

High ligand affinity for substrate

Question 31

High Kd

Answer 31

Low ligand affinity for substrate