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Physiology and Anatomy > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Increased local pressure in one area of the circulatory system drives flow from the area of high pressure to any adjacent areas of lower pressure

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2
Q

One-way valves

A

Ensure that flow is unidirectional

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

Helpful for small/shorter distances, time increases exponentially with distance

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4
Q

Contractile Chamber

A

Increase blood pressure in a closed chamber through contractions of their muscular walls and one-way valves (i.e. human heart)

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5
Q

External Pump

A

Skeletal muscles can act as pumps, contracting and expanding blood vessels, forcing fluid along the vessel (i.e. venus system)

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6
Q

Peristaltic Contraction

A

Uses waves of rhythmic contraction

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7
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Organs separate from the circulatory, faster metabolism (i.e. Vertebrata)

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8
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Organs bathed in blood (hemolymph), i.e. mollusca

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9
Q

Plasmatocytes

A

Small cells that use phagocytosis to engulf foreign invaders

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10
Q

Lamellocytes

A

Large cells produced in response to parasitic infections

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11
Q

Crystal Cells

A

Contain enzymes that they use to lyse foreign invaders

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12
Q

Hemocytes

A

Erythrocytes or Lymphocytes (in humans), Plasmocytes, Lamellocytes, or Crystal Cells (in insects)

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Involved in adaptive or specific immunity, T cells, B cells,

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14
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

Engulf and destroy invading particles using enzymes

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15
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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16
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Involved in blood clotting, small cell fragments called platelets

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17
Q

Cite of Blood Cell Production

A

Bone Marrow

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18
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

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19
Q

Why is red bone marrow red?

A

It contains hemoglobin; active

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20
Q

Why is yellow bone marrow yellow?

A

It contains adipose cells; inactive

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21
Q

Site of EPO Production

A

Kidney

22
Q

Influence of EPO

A

RBCs

23
Q

Site of Thrombopoietin Production

A

Liver

24
Q

CSFs

A

Colony-stimulating factors regulate leukopoiesis

25
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

26
Q

TPO (Thrombopoietin)

A

Regulates platelet production

27
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBCs

28
Q

Blood Components

A

55% Plasma (90% water), 45% Cellular (44% RBCs)

29
Q

RBCs

A

Biconcave disks, allow for stacking, fit in narrow capillaries, cytoskeleton maintains shape

30
Q

Hemoglobin Synthesis

A

Four globin molecules, four heme groups

31
Q

Heme

A

Porphyrin ring with an iron at its center

32
Q

Transferring

A

Transports iron in the blood

33
Q

Ferritin

A

Stores excess iron in the liver

34
Q

Bilirubin

A

Remnants of heme groups excreted as bile (“red bile”)

35
Q

Jaundice

A

Elevated levels of bilirubin

36
Q

Anemia

A

Hemoglobin content is too low

37
Q

3 Layers of Vascular Wall

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (not found in arteriole, venules, and capillaries)

38
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer (internal elastic membrane)

39
Q

Tunica Media

A

Vascular smooth muscle, external elastic membrane

40
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Connective Tissue

41
Q

Poiseuille Equation

A

More viscosity, longer tubes, narrower tubes = more resistance

42
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation (80)

43
Q

Systole

A

Contraction (120)

44
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

Endothelial cells are connected via tight junctions (most tissues)

45
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

Endothelial cells have many oval pores that allow the regulated movement of solutes (PG)

46
Q

Sinusoidal Capillary

A

Endothelial cells are loosely linked and large molecules can move between the cells (Liver)

47
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

HR x SV

48
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

EDV - ESV

49
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Bainbridge reflex, autonomic innervation, hormones

50
Q

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

Preload (Filling time, venous return)

51
Q

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

Contractility (Autonomic Innervation, Hormones), Afterload

Physiology and Anatomy (15 decks)

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