Circulatory System

Question 1

Bulk Flow

Answer 1

Increased local pressure in one area of the circulatory system drives flow from the area of high pressure to any adjacent areas of lower pressure

Question 2

One-way valves

Answer 2

Ensure that flow is unidirectional

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

Helpful for small/shorter distances, time increases exponentially with distance

Question 4

Contractile Chamber

Answer 4

Increase blood pressure in a closed chamber through contractions of their muscular walls and one-way valves (i.e. human heart)

Question 5

External Pump

Answer 5

Skeletal muscles can act as pumps, contracting and expanding blood vessels, forcing fluid along the vessel (i.e. venus system)

Question 6

Peristaltic Contraction

Answer 6

Uses waves of rhythmic contraction

Question 7

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 7

Organs separate from the circulatory, faster metabolism (i.e. Vertebrata)

Question 8

Open Circulatory System

Answer 8

Organs bathed in blood (hemolymph), i.e. mollusca

Question 9

Plasmatocytes

Answer 9

Small cells that use phagocytosis to engulf foreign invaders

Question 10

Lamellocytes

Answer 10

Large cells produced in response to parasitic infections

Question 11

Crystal Cells

Answer 11

Contain enzymes that they use to lyse foreign invaders

Question 12

Hemocytes

Answer 12

Erythrocytes or Lymphocytes (in humans), Plasmocytes, Lamellocytes, or Crystal Cells (in insects)

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

Involved in adaptive or specific immunity, T cells, B cells,

Question 14

Monocytes/Macrophages

Answer 14

Engulf and destroy invading particles using enzymes

Question 15

Granulocytes

Answer 15

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 16

Thrombocytes

Answer 16

Involved in blood clotting, small cell fragments called platelets

Question 17

Cite of Blood Cell Production

Answer 17

Bone Marrow

Question 18

Hematopoiesis

Answer 18

Production of blood cells

Question 19

Why is red bone marrow red?

Answer 19

It contains hemoglobin; active

Question 20

Why is yellow bone marrow yellow?

Answer 20

It contains adipose cells; inactive

Question 21

Site of EPO Production

Answer 21

Kidney

Question 22

Influence of EPO

Answer 22

RBCs

Question 23

Site of Thrombopoietin Production

Answer 23

Liver

Question 24

CSFs

Answer 24

Colony-stimulating factors regulate leukopoiesis

Question 25

Leukopoiesis

Answer 25

Production of white blood cells

Question 26

TPO (Thrombopoietin)

Answer 26

Regulates platelet production

Question 27

Erythropoiesis

Answer 27

Production of RBCs

Question 28

Blood Components

Answer 28

55% Plasma (90% water), 45% Cellular (44% RBCs)

Question 29

RBCs

Answer 29

Biconcave disks, allow for stacking, fit in narrow capillaries, cytoskeleton maintains shape

Question 30

Hemoglobin Synthesis

Answer 30

Four globin molecules, four heme groups

Question 31

Heme

Answer 31

Porphyrin ring with an iron at its center

Question 32

Transferring

Answer 32

Transports iron in the blood

Question 33

Ferritin

Answer 33

Stores excess iron in the liver

Question 34

Bilirubin

Answer 34

Remnants of heme groups excreted as bile ("red bile")

Question 35

Jaundice

Answer 35

Elevated levels of bilirubin

Question 36

Anemia

Answer 36

Hemoglobin content is too low

Question 37

3 Layers of Vascular Wall

Answer 37

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (not found in arteriole, venules, and capillaries)

Question 38

Tunica Intima

Answer 38

Endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer (internal elastic membrane)

Question 39

Tunica Media

Answer 39

Vascular smooth muscle, external elastic membrane

Question 40

Tunica Externa

Answer 40

Connective Tissue

Question 41

Poiseuille Equation

Answer 41

More viscosity, longer tubes, narrower tubes = more resistance

Question 42

Diastole

Answer 42

Relaxation (80)

Question 43

Systole

Answer 43

Contraction (120)

Question 44

Continuous Capillary

Answer 44

Endothelial cells are connected via tight junctions (most tissues)

Question 45

Fenestrated Capillary

Answer 45

Endothelial cells have many oval pores that allow the regulated movement of solutes (PG)

Question 46

Sinusoidal Capillary

Answer 46

Endothelial cells are loosely linked and large molecules can move between the cells (Liver)

Question 47

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 47

HR x SV

Question 48

Stroke Volume (SV)

Answer 48

EDV - ESV

Question 49

Heart Rate (HR)

Answer 49

Bainbridge reflex, autonomic innervation, hormones

Question 50

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Answer 50

Preload (Filling time, venous return)

Question 51

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

Answer 51

Contractility (Autonomic Innervation, Hormones), Afterload