Renal System

Question 1

What does each nephron consist of?

Answer 1

Renal Corpuscle & Renal tubule

Question 2

What does each renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 2

Glomerulus - knot of capillaries and a cup shaped hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Question 3

What surrounds the renal corpuscle?

Answer 3

An inner layer made up of cells called podocytes - intertwine and cling onto the glomerulus

Question 4

What does the renal tubule consist of?

Answer 4

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT); Nephron loop & distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 5

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 5

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 6

What are the capillaries/arteries that connect the glomerulus?

Answer 6

Cortical radiate artery –> affererent arteriole –> efferent arteriole

Question 7

What is the second capillary bed?

Answer 7

peritubular capillaries

Question 8

Describe characteristics of the peritubular capillaries

Answer 8

low pressure, porous, and adapted for absorption rather than filtration

Question 9

What are the processes that form urine?

Answer 9

1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
   3.Tubular Secretion

Question 10

Name the common nitro wastes & their formations

Answer 10

Urea - formed by liver as end product in protein breakdown
Uric acid - when nucleic acids are metabolised
Creatinine - creatine metabolism in muscle tissue

Question 11

How does a decrease in blood pressure affect the glomerular pressure?

Answer 11

Decreases glomerular pressure

Question 12

What are the functions of the renal tubule?

Answer 12

Renal tubules carries out tubular reabsorption & secretion.

Question 13

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 13

Peritubular capillaries receive fluid, nutrients and needed ions to be returned to general circulation.

Question 14

In the nephron loop, when we descend….

Answer 14

there is an absorption of water

Question 15

In the nephron loop, when we ascend….

Answer 15

there is reabsorption of salts

Question 16

Where is urine made

Answer 16

In the cortex and then follows pyramids (tubules), papillary, minor calyx, major calyx and renal pelvis - ureter

Question 17

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 17

The movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule. (filters out the large particles of protein)

Question 18

What factor primarily influences the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A. The concentration of potassium ions in the blood.
B. The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C. The osmotic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule.
D. The length of the loop of Henle.

Answer 18

The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 19

In which part of the nephron does most reabsorption of solutes and water occur?

Answer 19

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 20

How do the kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis?

Answer 20

By increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate.

Question 21

What structure is found in the renal medulla

Answer 21

Loop of Henle

Question 22

What structure is found in the renal cortex

Answer 22

Everything except the loop of henle

Question 23

What is the purpose of the cortex?

Answer 23

To filtrate the blood

Question 24

What does the loop of Henle absorb or secrete?

Answer 24

Releases water and absorbs Na and Cl

Question 25

What does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb

Answer 25

Aldosterone is present, Na reabsorption increases and the filtrate becomes more dilute - K and H are exchanged for the Na

Question 26

What hormone increase reabsorption of Na+ in kidneys?

Answer 26

Aldosterone

Question 27

When we increase ADH,

Answer 27

we increase the reabsorption of water