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Human Bioscience > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the mucus membrane consist of?

A

Lamina propria, epithelium

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2
Q

What are membranes

A

Structures that cover the body surface
& consist of epithelium with connective tissues

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3
Q

What are the different types of membranes?

A

Serous, curtaneous, mucous & synovial membranes

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4
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Largest organ system - barrier against the outside environment
- constantly under attack

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue membrane?

A

Made of the matrix - encapsulate organs, such as the kidneys, and line our movable joint

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5
Q

What does the integumentary system divide into?

A

The Cutaneous membrane (skin) & Accessory structures (e.g. hair, nails)

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5
Q

What does the dermis divide into?

A

2 layers = loose connective tissue + dense irregular connective tissue - collagen + elastic fibres

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5
Q

What is Hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous tissue - composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue

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5
Q

How is pigmentation formed?

A

Influenced by several pigments - carotene (precursor to vitamin A)
–> Melanin = produced by melanocyte’s in stratum basale

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5
Q

What is the epidermal layer consist of?

A

Stratum corneum - surface layer of flat keratinocytes = constantly shed and replaced

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5
Q

Why is the epidermis important?

A

Epidermis composed of keratinised stratified
squamous epithelium

4-5 layers of keratinocytes

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6
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Manufacture = synthesis of vitamin D
  • Sensation = touch, pressure,
  • Excretion = waste
  • Protection - prevents dehydration + barrier
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7
Q

People with albinism have a defect in tyrosinase, an oxidase that helps to control skin pigment production. In what epidermal layer is tyrosinase active?

A

Stratum basale -

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7
Q

Below are graphic representations of some of the cell layers found in the epidermis. Which of the following statements about epidermal layers is true?

A

Langerhans cells can be found in Layer 2

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8
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

The epidermis of the nail bed lacks
a stratum granulosum. The eponychium or cuticle is a narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin (lateral border) of the nail wall. It occupies the
proximal border of the nail and consists of stratum corneum

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8
Q

Which structures contain connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves?

A

Only the reticular dermis and the Papillary dermis

8
Q

What is the reticular dermis?

A

The thick bottom layer of the dermis (the inner layer of the skin). The reticular dermis has blood vessels and connective tissue that supports the skin. Hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, and other structures are also found in the reticular dermis.

9
Q

The phenomenon known as “goosebumps” is often combined with shivering to reduce heat loss. What integumentary layer is most directly related to this reflex?

A

Reticular dermis

10
Q

Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating, especially at the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Which of the following could cause this disorder?

A

Increased stimulation of the merocrine glands, which produce what most of think of as sweat, can lead to hyperhidrosis.

11
Q

A second degree burn can result in a loss of sensation, but do not necessarily affect motor control of arrector pili muscles. Which of the following are damaged in a second degree burn?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
- Meissner corpuscles consist of a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration.

12
Q

Scientists are measuring mechanoreceptor reactions to a variety of stimuli. What stimuli would you expect to generate the following response?

A

Whether or not a mechanoreceptor requires a continuously changing stimulus depends on the mechanism of sodium entry. A constantly changing light touch on hairy skin would demonstrate the activation pattern see in the figure.

13
Q

Which of the following allows for an almost instantaneous response to painful stimuli?

A

The extensive myelination of A-delta fibers, leading to increased conductance

14
Q

Why does eating jalapeno peppers feel “hot”?

A

Molecules in the pepper bind the same receptors responsible for thermoregulation

15
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Keratinocytes produce keratin, a protein that hardens and waterproofs the skin. Mature keratinocytes at the skin surface are dead and filled almost entirely with keratin.

16
Q

What are metancyotes?

A

Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation. Melanin from the melanocytes is transferred to the keratinocytes.

17
Q

What are langerhan cells?

A

Langerhans cells are phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response.

18
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Merkel cells occur deep in the epidermis at the epidermal‐dermal boundary. They form Merkel discs, which, in association with nerve endings, serve a sensory function.

19
Q

Distinguish thin skin and thick skin

A

“Thick skin,” found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, consists of five layers while “thin skin” consists of only four layers.

20
Q

Name the 5 layers of thick skin

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum Basale

21
Q

How does the process of keratinisation occur?

A

Keratinization is a process of cytodifferentiation which the keratinocytes undergo when proceeding from their post germinative state (stratum basale) to finally differentiated, hardened cell filled with protein

22
Q

What are the structural and functional differences between the epidermis and dermis? In your answer
discuss the cells found in each layer, the role of extracellular matrix and bloody supply.

A

The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and contributes to skin tone. The dermis, found beneath the epidermis, contains connective tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sweat glands.

23
Q

How are epidermal ridges formed?

A

The epidermal ridges are formed when the epidermis adapts to the contours of the dermal papillae that are underneath the epidermis

23
Q

What are the three pigments in the skin and how do they contribute to skin colour?

A

Haemoglobin contributes to red colouration, melanin which darkens and yellows the skin colour and carotenoids which contribute predominantly to skin yellowness

24
Q

Which of these body parts does NOT contain melanin?

A

Nails

25
Q

Where are hair roots located within the skin?

A

Dermis

25
Q

Sweat glands are located in the …

A

Sweat glands are located in the dermis.

26
Q

Which is NOT part of the connective tissue in the dermis?

A

Keratinocytes

27
Q

Which of these is NOT a function of hair?

A

Secrete sweat

Human Bioscience (17 decks)

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