renal system Flashcards
nephro
kidney
reno
kidney
uria
urine
lith/o
stone
dys
painful, difficult
poly
many
calcul/o
stone
cyst/o
bladder
U/A
urinanalysis- a ;ab test to check for abnoemalities
catheterization
a technique used to obtain an uncontaminated urine specimine
noct/o
night
-cele
swelling hernia
glyc/o
sugar
-tripsy
crush
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o
urine
olig/o
small, scanty
UTI
urinary tract infection
Anuria
no urine output
oliguria
an amount of urine output that is below normal, usually less than 500 milileters per day
polyuria
an amount of urine output that is above normal, usually more than 2,000 milileters per day
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
hematuria
blood in the urine
pyuria
pus in the urine
nocturia
urination at night
dysuria
painful uriation
retention
inability to empty bladder
incontinence
lack of voluntary control over urination
where are the kidneys located
on either side of the vertebral column behind the upper part of the abdominal cavity
kidneys are retroperitonieal
they lie behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
how big is the kidney
bean shaped and about 4 1/2 inches ling and 2 1/2 wide and 1 inch thick. it weighs about 1/3 of a pound
what is the placement of the kidneys
cushioned by fat with right slightly lower than left due to liver placement
functions of the kidney
filtration, waste storage, make hormones, maintain homiostasis.
filtration
separates the metabolic waste products from the blood
waste storage and secretion
produces and stores urine. excretes liquid wastes from the body, while retaining valuable chemical compounds
make hormones
-erythropoietin, renin, and calcitrol
erythropoietin
hormone that stimulates the production of RBC’s
Renin
hormone that helps control blood volume and blood pressure
calcitrol
promotes calcium absorption in small intestine
maintain homiostasis
by regulating blood pressure, acidity of blood and electrolyte levels ( sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium)
nephron
tiny structures in the cortex of the kidneys where blood is filtered and urine is formed- they are the functional part of the kidney. each nephron has its own blood supply and creates urine.
what makes up the nephron
glamerulus, bowman’s capsule, convoluted (twisted) tubules, collecting tubules
glamerulus
this is a mass of capilaries that recieves the blood carried to the kidney. Water, mineral salts, sugar, metabloic products, and other substances are filtered out of blood
bowman’s capsule
picks up the materials filtered out of the blood and passes it to the convoluted tubules
convoluted tubules
where substances needed by the body are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
collecting tubules
collects the water and excess wastes that became urine. these dip down into the medulla and drain into the ureters
renal arteries
bring unfiltered blood into the kidney’s to be filtered
renal medulla
inner 2/3 of the kidneys. Broken into segments called renal pyramids
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped. collects urine from the calyces
urinary bladder
muscular sac that stores urine until urination- contains rugae- folds in the bladder that expand when the bladder fills
urethra
tube that leaves the body through
calyces
singular=calyx
collect urine from the renal from the renal pyramids and dump in into the renal pelvis
renal veins
bring filtered blood away from the kidneys (to the heart)
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidneys
ureters
carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
external urethral sphinctor
a ring of skelatle muscle that is voluntary- controlled during release of urine from body
internal urethral sphinctor
a layer of smooth muscle that encircles the urethra where it exists the bladder. involuntary control
what is the minimum amount of urine that should be created by healthy kidneys in one hour.
30ml
define intake
anything the patient has taken in
define output
what the patient is putting out
what is the location of the kidneys
retroperitineal- in the back of your abdomen, just under your ribcage. Protected by last two ribs
what protects the kidneys
the renal cortex
what is the functional part of the kidney
nephron
what are folds in the bladder that expand to increase the bladders size
rugae
what percentage of urine is water
95%
Uremia
a raised level of urea and other wastes found in the blood
- can lead to nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, swelling of ankles, hypertension, anorexia, fatigue and itching
cystitis
also known as UTI, inflamation of the bladder
- causes painful and frequent urination and blood in the urine, treatment involves antibiotics and increaseed fluid intake
chronic kidney disease
also known as renal failure. kidneys arn’t able to maintain homeostasis
- diabetes and hypertension are 2 most common causes
- waste products accumulate in the blood uremia
- must recieve renal dialysis
- hemodialysis
- peritoneal dialysis
nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
- may be caused by recurring cystitis
- symptoms-painful urination, low urine output, blood and protein in the urine, back pain
- treatment-rest, increased fluid intake, antibiotics
hemodialysis
wastes removed from the blood by pumping the blood through a dialyzer-blood taken from artery and retured through a vein. acts as kidney
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis fluid is added to the abdominopelvic cavity through a surgically implanted port in the abdomen. it sits in the abdomen for an hour or more, absorbing water and wastes from the capillaries in the membrane that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen
renal calculus
(kidney stones) Formed when uric acid and calcium salts from the urine clump together. low fluid intake and large doses of vitamins may lead to stones being formed
- symptoms include sudden, intence pain, frequent urge to urinate, possibly blood in the urine
- treatment-increased fluid intake, pain medication, medication to dissolve the stone. lithotripsy(shock waves)
what is the normal size and weight of the kidney
length 10-12cm
- width-5-7 cm
- weight 120-170gm
what are the 3 external layers of the kidney
renal fascia-tough connective tissue
perirenal fat capsule-helps anchor the kidneys in place
renal capsule- fiberous connective tissue surrounding the kidneys
how many nephrons does each kidney have
1 million
what is the renal pyramid
the renal medulla splits into a number of sections known as the renal pyramids. on average there are 8 renal pyramids in each kidney
structure of the bowman’s capsule
cup like structure that consists of 2 layers of cells
what is the pct (proximal convoluted tubule)in kidney. describe function
absorbs water, sodium, amino acids, calcium and glucose back into blood
primary function of the loop of Henle
to recover water and sodium chloride from the urine
what is the diffrence between the function of pct and dct
pct- mainly involved in the reabsorption whereas secretion in the dct
what is the difference between the renal cortex and medulla
cortex- outer layer of kidney, between the renal capsule and renal medulla involved in the filtration of blood
medula- inner most layer of kidney and mainly absorbs the water
what caries filtered and unfiltered blood to the kidneys
artery- brings oxygenated blood from the heart to kidneys for filtration
vein- carried filtered blood from the kidneys back to the heart
describe 1st stage of filtration in the kidney
small molecules which include urea, water, ions, and glucose are filtered out and pass into the nephron tubule
name 2nd stage of filtration and what happens
-selective reabsorption: kidneys selectivly reabsorb only those molecules such all glucose, water, and as many ions as which the body needs back in the bloodstream.
what happens in the last stage of filtration
molecules like urea, excess water and ions continue along the nephron tubule as urine. Ths eventually goes to the bladder.
what diseases may cause kidney damage
diabetes, high blood pressure, and various other chronic conditions
how can kidney disease affect your body
other health problems such as weak bones, nerve damage, and malnutrition
symptoms of kidney failure
vomiting, nausea, loss of appitite, changes in urine output, fluid retention, anemia and a sudden rise in potassium levels
tips to keep the kidney healthy for a long time
avoid extra salt, stay hydrated, drink plenty of water, use medications with caution, nuts
