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renal system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nephro

A

kidney

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2
Q

reno

A

kidney

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3
Q

uria

A

urine

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4
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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5
Q

dys

A

painful, difficult

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6
Q

poly

A

many

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7
Q

calcul/o

A

stone

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8
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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9
Q

U/A

A

urinanalysis- a ;ab test to check for abnoemalities

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10
Q

catheterization

A

a technique used to obtain an uncontaminated urine specimine

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11
Q

noct/o

A

night

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12
Q

-cele

A

swelling hernia

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13
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

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14
Q

-tripsy

A

crush

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15
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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16
Q

ur/o

A

urine

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17
Q

olig/o

A

small, scanty

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18
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

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19
Q

Anuria

A

no urine output

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20
Q

oliguria

A

an amount of urine output that is below normal, usually less than 500 milileters per day

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21
Q

polyuria

A

an amount of urine output that is above normal, usually more than 2,000 milileters per day

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22
Q

glycosuria

A

sugar in the urine

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23
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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24
Q

pyuria

A

pus in the urine

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25
Q

nocturia

A

urination at night

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26
Q

dysuria

A

painful uriation

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27
Q

retention

A

inability to empty bladder

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28
Q

incontinence

A

lack of voluntary control over urination

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29
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

on either side of the vertebral column behind the upper part of the abdominal cavity

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30
Q

kidneys are retroperitonieal

A

they lie behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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31
Q

how big is the kidney

A

bean shaped and about 4 1/2 inches ling and 2 1/2 wide and 1 inch thick. it weighs about 1/3 of a pound

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32
Q

what is the placement of the kidneys

A

cushioned by fat with right slightly lower than left due to liver placement

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33
Q

functions of the kidney

A

filtration, waste storage, make hormones, maintain homiostasis.

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34
Q

filtration

A

separates the metabolic waste products from the blood

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35
Q

waste storage and secretion

A

produces and stores urine. excretes liquid wastes from the body, while retaining valuable chemical compounds

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36
Q

make hormones

A

-erythropoietin, renin, and calcitrol

37
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates the production of RBC’s

38
Q

Renin

A

hormone that helps control blood volume and blood pressure

39
Q

calcitrol

A

promotes calcium absorption in small intestine

40
Q

maintain homiostasis

A

by regulating blood pressure, acidity of blood and electrolyte levels ( sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium)

41
Q

nephron

A

tiny structures in the cortex of the kidneys where blood is filtered and urine is formed- they are the functional part of the kidney. each nephron has its own blood supply and creates urine.

42
Q

what makes up the nephron

A

glamerulus, bowman’s capsule, convoluted (twisted) tubules, collecting tubules

43
Q

glamerulus

A

this is a mass of capilaries that recieves the blood carried to the kidney. Water, mineral salts, sugar, metabloic products, and other substances are filtered out of blood

44
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

picks up the materials filtered out of the blood and passes it to the convoluted tubules

45
Q

convoluted tubules

A

where substances needed by the body are reabsorbed into the bloodstream

46
Q

collecting tubules

A

collects the water and excess wastes that became urine. these dip down into the medulla and drain into the ureters

47
Q

renal arteries

A

bring unfiltered blood into the kidney’s to be filtered

48
Q

renal medulla

A

inner 2/3 of the kidneys. Broken into segments called renal pyramids

49
Q

renal pelvis

A

funnel-shaped. collects urine from the calyces

50
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular sac that stores urine until urination- contains rugae- folds in the bladder that expand when the bladder fills

51
Q

urethra

A

tube that leaves the body through

52
Q

calyces

A

singular=calyx

collect urine from the renal from the renal pyramids and dump in into the renal pelvis

53
Q

renal veins

A

bring filtered blood away from the kidneys (to the heart)

54
Q

renal cortex

A

outer layer of the kidneys

55
Q

ureters

A

carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

56
Q

external urethral sphinctor

A

a ring of skelatle muscle that is voluntary- controlled during release of urine from body

57
Q

internal urethral sphinctor

A

a layer of smooth muscle that encircles the urethra where it exists the bladder. involuntary control

58
Q

what is the minimum amount of urine that should be created by healthy kidneys in one hour.

A

30ml

59
Q

define intake

A

anything the patient has taken in

60
Q

define output

A

what the patient is putting out

61
Q

what is the location of the kidneys

A

retroperitineal- in the back of your abdomen, just under your ribcage. Protected by last two ribs

62
Q

what protects the kidneys

A

the renal cortex

63
Q

what is the functional part of the kidney

A

nephron

64
Q

what are folds in the bladder that expand to increase the bladders size

A

rugae

65
Q

what percentage of urine is water

A

95%

66
Q

Uremia

A

a raised level of urea and other wastes found in the blood

- can lead to nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, swelling of ankles, hypertension, anorexia, fatigue and itching

67
Q

cystitis

A

also known as UTI, inflamation of the bladder
- causes painful and frequent urination and blood in the urine, treatment involves antibiotics and increaseed fluid intake

68
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

also known as renal failure. kidneys arn’t able to maintain homeostasis

  • diabetes and hypertension are 2 most common causes
  • waste products accumulate in the blood uremia
  • must recieve renal dialysis
  • hemodialysis
  • peritoneal dialysis
69
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidneys

  • may be caused by recurring cystitis
  • symptoms-painful urination, low urine output, blood and protein in the urine, back pain
  • treatment-rest, increased fluid intake, antibiotics
70
Q

hemodialysis

A

wastes removed from the blood by pumping the blood through a dialyzer-blood taken from artery and retured through a vein. acts as kidney

71
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis fluid is added to the abdominopelvic cavity through a surgically implanted port in the abdomen. it sits in the abdomen for an hour or more, absorbing water and wastes from the capillaries in the membrane that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen

72
Q

renal calculus

A

(kidney stones) Formed when uric acid and calcium salts from the urine clump together. low fluid intake and large doses of vitamins may lead to stones being formed

  • symptoms include sudden, intence pain, frequent urge to urinate, possibly blood in the urine
  • treatment-increased fluid intake, pain medication, medication to dissolve the stone. lithotripsy(shock waves)
73
Q

what is the normal size and weight of the kidney

A

length 10-12cm

  • width-5-7 cm
  • weight 120-170gm
74
Q

what are the 3 external layers of the kidney

A

renal fascia-tough connective tissue
perirenal fat capsule-helps anchor the kidneys in place
renal capsule- fiberous connective tissue surrounding the kidneys

75
Q

how many nephrons does each kidney have

A

1 million

76
Q

what is the renal pyramid

A

the renal medulla splits into a number of sections known as the renal pyramids. on average there are 8 renal pyramids in each kidney

77
Q

structure of the bowman’s capsule

A

cup like structure that consists of 2 layers of cells

78
Q

what is the pct (proximal convoluted tubule)in kidney. describe function

A

absorbs water, sodium, amino acids, calcium and glucose back into blood

79
Q

primary function of the loop of Henle

A

to recover water and sodium chloride from the urine

80
Q

what is the diffrence between the function of pct and dct

A

pct- mainly involved in the reabsorption whereas secretion in the dct

81
Q

what is the difference between the renal cortex and medulla

A

cortex- outer layer of kidney, between the renal capsule and renal medulla involved in the filtration of blood
medula- inner most layer of kidney and mainly absorbs the water

82
Q

what caries filtered and unfiltered blood to the kidneys

A

artery- brings oxygenated blood from the heart to kidneys for filtration
vein- carried filtered blood from the kidneys back to the heart

83
Q

describe 1st stage of filtration in the kidney

A

small molecules which include urea, water, ions, and glucose are filtered out and pass into the nephron tubule

84
Q

name 2nd stage of filtration and what happens

A

-selective reabsorption: kidneys selectivly reabsorb only those molecules such all glucose, water, and as many ions as which the body needs back in the bloodstream.

85
Q

what happens in the last stage of filtration

A

molecules like urea, excess water and ions continue along the nephron tubule as urine. Ths eventually goes to the bladder.

86
Q

what diseases may cause kidney damage

A

diabetes, high blood pressure, and various other chronic conditions

87
Q

how can kidney disease affect your body

A

other health problems such as weak bones, nerve damage, and malnutrition

88
Q

symptoms of kidney failure

A

vomiting, nausea, loss of appitite, changes in urine output, fluid retention, anemia and a sudden rise in potassium levels

89
Q

tips to keep the kidney healthy for a long time

A

avoid extra salt, stay hydrated, drink plenty of water, use medications with caution, nuts

Medical (14 decks)

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