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nervous system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the nervous system?

A
  1. it receives messages from stimuli all over the body (sensory input)
  2. The brain interprets the messages (integration)
  3. The brain responds to the message and caries out activities inside and outside of the body (motor output)
  4. The brain is the seat of intellect, reasoning, and personality.
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2
Q

neuron (nerve cell)

A

the fundamental or structural unit of the nervous system. Neurons are found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses throughout the body in response to an external or internal stimulus

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

conduct electrical signals from the body to the bran and spinal cord. Also called Afferent neurons

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4
Q

motor neurons

A

receive electrical impulses from the brain and spinal cord and communicate these impulses to the body. also known as efferent, these carry messages to the muscles and glands

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5
Q

nerves

A

when many neurons from a bundle of fibers

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6
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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7
Q

cell body

A

where the nucleus is

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8
Q

dendrites

A

nerve fibers which extend from the cell body and receive messages from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

single nerve fibers which are long and thin and carries impulses away from the cell body toward the axon terminal. Some are 1 ml others can be over 3 feet.

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

many axons have a lipid covering

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11
Q

Functions of the myelin sheath

A
  1. speeds up the rate of impulse transmission

2. protects and insulates the axon

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12
Q

synapse

A

this contact point where one neuron communicates with another.

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

between nerve cells synapses is a microscopic spaces between them

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

special chemicals. located at the end of each axon, allow the nerve impulses to pass from one neuron to another. Can follow many diffrent routes.

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A

-emotions, personality, moality, intalect, reasoning, speech

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory, motor, pain, heat, touch

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

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18
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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19
Q

Brain

A

a mass of tissue protected by membranes and the skull

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20
Q

cerebrum

A

largest and highest section of the brain. arranged in convolutions

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21
Q

convolutions

A

folds that help speed conduction of electrical impulses

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

-2nd largest portion of brain

responsible for muscle tone, equilibrium, walking and dancing

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23
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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24
Q

PT

A

Physical therapy

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25
Q

OT

A

occupational tjherapy

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26
Q

ST

A

Speech therapy

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27
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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28
Q

epi

A

over, above,upon

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29
Q

quadri

A

4

30
Q

cerebro

A

brain

31
Q

rrhagic

A

bursting forth

32
Q

trophy

A

growth

33
Q

esthesia

A

sensation- feeling

34
Q

lepsy

A

seizure

35
Q

cranio

A

skull

36
Q

algia

A

pain

37
Q

meningo

A

meninges

38
Q

encephalo

A

brain

39
Q

phasia

A

speech

40
Q

what is the brain

A

a mass of tissue protected by membranes and the skull

41
Q

how much of your bllod is circulating through your brain at a time

A

20-25%

42
Q

How are brain caprilaries diffrent from body capillaries

A

they are impermeable to many substances. this property of impermiability has been termed blood-brain barrier

43
Q

what can pass through the barrier

A

water, glucose, amino acids, alchohol, fats, nichotine, respiratory gasses and anesthetics. some antibiotics and pain meds can go through

44
Q

meninges

A

the membranes that cover and pprotect the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

dura mater

A

the thick, tough outer layer.

46
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer, weblike and delicate subarachnoid space-filled with cerebrospinal fluid

47
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost layer- is closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and nourishes the nerve tisue

48
Q

ventricles

A

4 holllow spaces that connect with each other and with th space under the arachnoid membrane. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the circulates continuously

49
Q

what is the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. it is a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord
  2. carries nutrients to parts of the brain
  3. caries away metabolic products and wastes
50
Q

what organs are involved in the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

51
Q

what is involved in the peripheral nervous system

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves

52
Q

what are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

53
Q

are somatic muscles voluntary

A

yes

54
Q

are autonomic muscles voluntary

A

no- involuntary- heart and visceral

55
Q

what are the 3 parts of the autonomic system

A

enteric, sympathetic, parasympathetic

56
Q

enteric

A

controls all digestive functions

57
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight Hr up, RR up, BP up digestive down

58
Q

parasympathetic

A 
rest and digest
HR down
RR down
BP down
Digestive up
59
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

liaison between CNS and the rest of the body.

60
Q

epilepsy

A

seizure disorder

- a brain disorder asscoiated with abnormal electrical impulses in neurons of the brain

61
Q

causes of epilepsy

A

brain injury, brain trama, abnormal tissue (scaring), tumors, toxins, infections, or ideopathic, drug use

62
Q

symptoms of epilepsy

A

loss of consciousness, convulsios, hypersalvation, loss of body functions

63
Q

what to do for epilepsy

A
  • remain calm and call 911
  • help person to floor and onto their side
  • move furniture so they do not hit anything
  • place head on something soft.
64
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A
  • stroke or CVA
  • occurs when the blood flow to the brain is impaired. This results in lack of oxygen to the brain and destruction of tissue
65
Q

causes of stroke

A

hemorrhagic, ischemic

66
Q

hemorrhagic

A

a vessel ruptures and causes bleeding into the brain (often due to high blood pressure or weakness in a vessel)

67
Q

ischemic

A

an embolus (blood clot or fat) blocks a vessel. This causes cells to die because blood flow is blocked

68
Q

symptoms of a stroke

A

changes in LOC, confusion, paralysis, dysphagia, aphasia, incontinence (inability to hold urine

69
Q

WHat does fast stand for

A

F-ace drooping
A-rm weakness
S-peech difficulty
T-ime to call 911

70
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

a chronic, progressive, disabling condition resulting from a degeneration of the myelin sheath in the centeral nervous system

71
Q

impairments of multiple sclerosis

A

motor- difficulties with balance, gait (ability to walk), fatigue, coordination, movement, tremors, muscle spasms, dysphagia.
sensory- numbness, tingling, pain, loss of vision/ hearing

Medical (14 decks)

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