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Digestive system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

digestive tract

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2
Q

What parts does it include?

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, pancreas, colon, rectum, anus

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3
Q

4 accessory organs?

A

teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

What 3 activities of digestion occur in the mouth?

A

Ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion

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5
Q

What is the role of the lips?

A

surround the food

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6
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A

Covers the nasopharynx when we swallow to keep food going down our pharynx instead of into our nasal passage.

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7
Q

WHat is the role of the tounge?

A

helps move food in the mouth and then pushes the chewed food to the back for swallowing

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8
Q

what is a bolus

A

food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva

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9
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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10
Q

what activity of digestion occurs in the esophagus?

A

Propulsion

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11
Q

why is it important to chew food throughly before swalllowing?

A

SO that is does not hurt and scar us in our esophagus

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12
Q

where is the esophagus found?

A

posterior to the trachea and anterior to the spinal cord

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13
Q

what is the name of the muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach?

A

cardiac, sphinctor

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14
Q

what does the muscle ring do

A

controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach.

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15
Q

what 4 activities occur in thee stomach

A

propulsion, chemical and mechanical breakdown and absorbtion

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16
Q

what is the volume of an empty stomach

A

50ml or 1.75 ounces

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17
Q

what is the PH of the stomach

A

1.5-3.5

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18
Q

what acid is secreated by the stomach

A

hydrochloric

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19
Q

what are rugae and what do they do

A

folds that expand to allow the stomach to stretch; the lining

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20
Q

what is chyme

A

food that has been broken up in the stomach

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21
Q

what is pylorus

A

the last portion of the stomach

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22
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

opens between the stomach and small intestine. It stays closed whie the stomach churns but then opens to let the chyme pass into the first section of the small intestines.

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23
Q

what 4 activities occur in the small intestine

A

propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption

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24
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestines

A

duodenum, jejunum, illium

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25
Q

what accessory organs secrete into the duodenum

A

gallbladder and pancreus

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26
Q

What parts of the small intestine absorb food molecules into the blood?

A

villi

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27
Q

WHat vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines

A

A,B,C,D,E,K

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28
Q

what 3 activities occur in the large intestines

A

propulsion, absorption, defecation

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29
Q

what happens to water in the large intestines

A

it is absorbed

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30
Q

WHere is the appendix found and what does it do

A

end or cecum and it folds

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31
Q

what do the bacteriain the large intestines do

A

help to form B and K vitamins

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32
Q

WHat is the function of the rectum and anus

A

insoluble waste is stored in rectum and the anus is the opening to the outside world

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33
Q

what is the livers digestive functions

A
  • creates and stores glycogen
  • helps convert one nutrient type to another (proteins to glucose, charbohydrates to fat)
  • secretes cholestoral
  • makes bile (a watery solution that helps break down fat) at a steady rate of about 1 litter per day
  • it also plays a role in filtering toxins, breaking down hormones and drugs< blood clotting and storage or iron
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34
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

below the liver

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35
Q

what does the gallbladder store

A

bile

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36
Q

when is bile delivered to the duodenum

A

when food is present in the duodenum

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37
Q

what does bile break down

A

food/fats

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38
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreus

A

it secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream and helps regulate sugar uptake by the cells. It also has an exocrine function. This means that it secretes through a tube. SPecifically is secretes pancreatic enzymes through a tube into the duodenum

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39
Q

what nutrients are broken down by the digestive enzymes of the pancreus

A

charbohydrates, proteins, fats

40
Q

WHat is the function of the bicarbonate produced by the pancreatic juices?

A

it is a base that helps neutralize the acidic chyme as in moves from the stomach to the intestine

41
Q

a-, an-

A

not; without

42
Q

dia-

A

through; complete

43
Q

dys-

A

painful; difficult; bad

44
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

45
Q

ortho-

A

straight

46
Q

peri

A

around; surrounding

47
Q

post

A

after

48
Q

pre-

A

before

49
Q

sub-

A

below; under

50
Q

append, apendic/o-

A

appendix

51
Q

cholecyst/o-

A

gallbladder

52
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

53
Q

entero

A

intestines, usually small intestines

54
Q

esophago-

A

esophagus

55
Q

gastro

A

stomach

56
Q

gingivo

A

gums

57
Q

hepato

A

liver

58
Q

laparo

A

abdominal wall; abdomen

59
Q

linguo

A

tongue

60
Q

odonto

A

tooth

61
Q

phago

A

eat; swallow; engulf

62
Q

pancreato

A

pancreas

63
Q

spleno

A

spleen

64
Q

-ac, -al, -eal, -ic

A

pertaining to

65
Q

-ectomy

A

sergical removal

66
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

67
Q

-ia

A

condition

68
Q

-ist

A

specialist

69
Q

-itis

A

inflamation

70
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

71
Q
  • pepsia
A

digestion

72
Q

-phagia

A

eating/swallowing

73
Q

-prandial

A

meal

74
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, excessive discharge

75
Q

-scopy

A

procedure performed to view something

76
Q

-stalsis

A

contraction

77
Q

mouth

A

(oral cavity) includes the lips, tounge, teeth, and salivary glands

78
Q

pharynx

A

(throat) divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

79
Q

esophagus

A

attaches to the pharynx. runs through the thoracic cavity through the diaphragm to the stomach. carries food (paristalsis) from mouth to stomach

80
Q

stomach

A

contains folds in the mucous lining called rugae that help it expand. The mucous lining protects against the acids produced here. food mixed with acids is known as chyme

81
Q

small intestine

A

(SI) the longest section of the intestines. is called small because of diameter. absorbtion of nutrints occurs in the capillaries of the vili of the SI

82
Q

large intestines

A

also known as the colon. it is known as large due to diameter. bacteria here manufacture B and K vitamins

83
Q

ingestion

A

getting the food into the body: involves the teeth lips and tounge

84
Q

propulsion

A

begins after ingestion and continues all the way along the GI tract. Is initiated by swallowing at the phrynx and peristalsis

85
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

reduces food into smaller pieces and increases the surface area of the food. CHewing, churning in stomach, and by muscular contraction in the small intestines contribute to this

86
Q

chemical breakdown

A
  1. enzymes in the saliva 2. stomach enzymes and acid 3. digestive enzymes added in small intestine
87
Q

absorption

A
  1. done primarily in the vili of the small intestines) 2. large intestine absorbs water and some vitamins 3. stomach can absorb alchohol, some drugs and some lipids
88
Q

defecation

A

expulsion of food that was not absorbed occurs by discharging feces from the rectum. Consists primarily of insoluble fiber.

89
Q

one way a person can have problems ingesting food

A

stroke patients may loose control of one side of their face. THus, they have numbness or loss of function of their lips, expirience drooling and have difficulty keeping food in their mouth

90
Q

2 functions of saliva

A
  • starts to break apart the bonds holding the food together

- combines to create a bolus

91
Q

ulcer

A

on open sore in the lining of the digestive tract. Usually occurs in the mucous lining of the stomach (peptic ulcer) or in the duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The major cause is a bactirium, helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori). TX. antibiotics, surgery

92
Q

Cancer

A

of digestive system are the most common. Can be anywhere in the system: colon, rectum, mouth, tissues surri=ounding the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreus, liver. They usually grow slowly and are quite treatable if found early. screening and early detection are important. colonoscopy screens for cancers of the colon and rectum are recommended starting at age 50.

93
Q

hernia

A

a rupture that occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or opening in a body wall. hiatal hernia is when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm

94
Q

appendicitis

A

inflamation of the appendix usually from blockage or infection. Symptoms: lower right quadrant pain, N/V (nausea, vomiting), fever TX: appendectomy

95
Q

diarrhea

A

the occurance of frequent watery bowl movements. It occurs when waste does not spend enough time in the colon where excess water would be absorbed. CAsuses: infection by bacterium, virus or parisites, food poisining, inflammatory bowl disease, lactose intolerance Treatment: treat cause, water and electrolyte supplements

96
Q

constipation

A

fecal material remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorbtion of wateer. feces becomes hard, dry and difficult to eliminate. Treatment: fiber, eexercise and increased fluids

97
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflamation of the gallblader. Usually has gallstones present (cholelithasis). these can form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile. Treatment: surgical removal of gallblader.

Medical (14 decks)

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