Digestive system Flashcards
What is the alimentary canal?
digestive tract
What parts does it include?
Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, pancreas, colon, rectum, anus
4 accessory organs?
teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What 3 activities of digestion occur in the mouth?
Ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion
What is the role of the lips?
surround the food
What is the function of the uvula?
Covers the nasopharynx when we swallow to keep food going down our pharynx instead of into our nasal passage.
WHat is the role of the tounge?
helps move food in the mouth and then pushes the chewed food to the back for swallowing
what is a bolus
food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva
what are the 3 sections of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
what activity of digestion occurs in the esophagus?
Propulsion
why is it important to chew food throughly before swalllowing?
SO that is does not hurt and scar us in our esophagus
where is the esophagus found?
posterior to the trachea and anterior to the spinal cord
what is the name of the muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach?
cardiac, sphinctor
what does the muscle ring do
controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach.
what 4 activities occur in thee stomach
propulsion, chemical and mechanical breakdown and absorbtion
what is the volume of an empty stomach
50ml or 1.75 ounces
what is the PH of the stomach
1.5-3.5
what acid is secreated by the stomach
hydrochloric
what are rugae and what do they do
folds that expand to allow the stomach to stretch; the lining
what is chyme
food that has been broken up in the stomach
what is pylorus
the last portion of the stomach
what does the pyloric sphincter do
opens between the stomach and small intestine. It stays closed whie the stomach churns but then opens to let the chyme pass into the first section of the small intestines.
what 4 activities occur in the small intestine
propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption
what are the 3 sections of the small intestines
duodenum, jejunum, illium
what accessory organs secrete into the duodenum
gallbladder and pancreus
What parts of the small intestine absorb food molecules into the blood?
villi
WHat vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines
A,B,C,D,E,K
what 3 activities occur in the large intestines
propulsion, absorption, defecation
what happens to water in the large intestines
it is absorbed
WHere is the appendix found and what does it do
end or cecum and it folds
what do the bacteriain the large intestines do
help to form B and K vitamins
WHat is the function of the rectum and anus
insoluble waste is stored in rectum and the anus is the opening to the outside world
what is the livers digestive functions
- creates and stores glycogen
- helps convert one nutrient type to another (proteins to glucose, charbohydrates to fat)
- secretes cholestoral
- makes bile (a watery solution that helps break down fat) at a steady rate of about 1 litter per day
- it also plays a role in filtering toxins, breaking down hormones and drugs< blood clotting and storage or iron
where is the gallbladder located
below the liver
what does the gallbladder store
bile
when is bile delivered to the duodenum
when food is present in the duodenum
what does bile break down
food/fats
what is the endocrine function of the pancreus
it secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream and helps regulate sugar uptake by the cells. It also has an exocrine function. This means that it secretes through a tube. SPecifically is secretes pancreatic enzymes through a tube into the duodenum
what nutrients are broken down by the digestive enzymes of the pancreus
charbohydrates, proteins, fats
WHat is the function of the bicarbonate produced by the pancreatic juices?
it is a base that helps neutralize the acidic chyme as in moves from the stomach to the intestine
a-, an-
not; without
dia-
through; complete
dys-
painful; difficult; bad
hyper-
excessive
ortho-
straight
peri
around; surrounding
post
after
pre-
before
sub-
below; under
append, apendic/o-
appendix
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
dent/i
tooth
entero
intestines, usually small intestines
esophago-
esophagus
gastro
stomach
gingivo
gums
hepato
liver
laparo
abdominal wall; abdomen
linguo
tongue
odonto
tooth
phago
eat; swallow; engulf
pancreato
pancreas
spleno
spleen
-ac, -al, -eal, -ic
pertaining to
-ectomy
sergical removal
-emesis
vomiting
-ia
condition
-ist
specialist
-itis
inflamation
-orexia
appetite
- pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating/swallowing
-prandial
meal
-rrhea
flow, excessive discharge
-scopy
procedure performed to view something
-stalsis
contraction
mouth
(oral cavity) includes the lips, tounge, teeth, and salivary glands
pharynx
(throat) divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
esophagus
attaches to the pharynx. runs through the thoracic cavity through the diaphragm to the stomach. carries food (paristalsis) from mouth to stomach
stomach
contains folds in the mucous lining called rugae that help it expand. The mucous lining protects against the acids produced here. food mixed with acids is known as chyme
small intestine
(SI) the longest section of the intestines. is called small because of diameter. absorbtion of nutrints occurs in the capillaries of the vili of the SI
large intestines
also known as the colon. it is known as large due to diameter. bacteria here manufacture B and K vitamins
ingestion
getting the food into the body: involves the teeth lips and tounge
propulsion
begins after ingestion and continues all the way along the GI tract. Is initiated by swallowing at the phrynx and peristalsis
mechanical breakdown
reduces food into smaller pieces and increases the surface area of the food. CHewing, churning in stomach, and by muscular contraction in the small intestines contribute to this
chemical breakdown
- enzymes in the saliva 2. stomach enzymes and acid 3. digestive enzymes added in small intestine
absorption
- done primarily in the vili of the small intestines) 2. large intestine absorbs water and some vitamins 3. stomach can absorb alchohol, some drugs and some lipids
defecation
expulsion of food that was not absorbed occurs by discharging feces from the rectum. Consists primarily of insoluble fiber.
one way a person can have problems ingesting food
stroke patients may loose control of one side of their face. THus, they have numbness or loss of function of their lips, expirience drooling and have difficulty keeping food in their mouth
2 functions of saliva
- starts to break apart the bonds holding the food together
- combines to create a bolus
ulcer
on open sore in the lining of the digestive tract. Usually occurs in the mucous lining of the stomach (peptic ulcer) or in the duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The major cause is a bactirium, helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori). TX. antibiotics, surgery
Cancer
of digestive system are the most common. Can be anywhere in the system: colon, rectum, mouth, tissues surri=ounding the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreus, liver. They usually grow slowly and are quite treatable if found early. screening and early detection are important. colonoscopy screens for cancers of the colon and rectum are recommended starting at age 50.
hernia
a rupture that occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or opening in a body wall. hiatal hernia is when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm
appendicitis
inflamation of the appendix usually from blockage or infection. Symptoms: lower right quadrant pain, N/V (nausea, vomiting), fever TX: appendectomy
diarrhea
the occurance of frequent watery bowl movements. It occurs when waste does not spend enough time in the colon where excess water would be absorbed. CAsuses: infection by bacterium, virus or parisites, food poisining, inflammatory bowl disease, lactose intolerance Treatment: treat cause, water and electrolyte supplements
constipation
fecal material remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorbtion of wateer. feces becomes hard, dry and difficult to eliminate. Treatment: fiber, eexercise and increased fluids
cholecystitis
inflamation of the gallblader. Usually has gallstones present (cholelithasis). these can form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile. Treatment: surgical removal of gallblader.
