Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summary of Stuff > Renal Science > Flashcards

Renal Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is Osmolarity and units

A
  • Concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution
  • Osmol/l
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osmolality

A

osmol/kg water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Principle ions in intracellular fluid

A

K and Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Principle ions in extracellular fluid

A

Na, Cl and HCo3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Concentration of extra and intracellular fluid

A

Both 300mosmol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to RBCs:

  • Hypertonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution
A
  • Hypertonic: RBCs shrink, less water, more concentrated

- Hypotonic: more water, cell lysis and burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Value for: Inulin clearance

A

125mls/min not absorbed or secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Value for: Glucose clearance

A

Zero as it is not filtered or secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Value for: Urea Clearance

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Value for: H+ clearance

A

> GFR as more leaves the nephron than enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is PAH used for?

A

To calculate the renal plasma flow at 650mls/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ideal GFR marker

A

Should be filtered freely and not secreted or reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ideal Renal Plasma Flow marker

A

Filtered and complete absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to calculate filtration fraction

A

GFR/Renal plasma flow–> 125/650–> 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osmolality

A

osmol/kg water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Principle ions in intracellular fluid

A

K and Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principle ions in extracellular fluid

A

Na, Cl and HCo3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Concentration of extra and intracellular fluid

A

Both 300mosmol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to RBCs:

  • Hypertonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution
A
  • Hypertonic: RBCs shrink, less water, more concentrated

- Hypotonic: more water, cell lysis and burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • 80% of nephrons
  • Outer part of context
  • Do not fully descend into the medulla
  • Forms network of peritubular capillary
  • Reabsorption and secretion
  • Short loop of Henle
A

Cortical nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • 20% of Nephrons
  • Inner part of cortex
  • Descend deep into the medulla
  • Form Vasa Recta
  • Concentrate and dilute urine
  • Long loop of Henle
A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Value for: Inulin clearance

A

125mls/min not absorbed or secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Value for: Glucose clearance

A

Zero as it is not filtered or secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Value for: Urea Clearance

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Value for: H+ clearance

A

> GFR as more leaves the nephron than enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is PAH used for?

A

To calculate the renal plasma flow at 650mls/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ideal GFR marker

A

Should be filtered freely and not secreted or reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do hormones affect the permeability of the kidney?

A

Late collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Distal Tubule:

  • What is reabsorbed: early and
  • Transporters?
  • Drugs used here
A
  • Early: NaCl, NaK2C transport
  • Late: Ca reabsorption
  • Blocked by thiazide diuretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Forces acting upon the glomerular capillary

A
  • Glomerular capillary blood pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
  • Capillary oncotic pressure
31
Q

Value of Glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A

55mmHg

32
Q

Value of Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?

A

15mmHg

33
Q

Value of Capillary oncotic pressure?

A

30mmHg

34
Q

Value of Capillary oncotic pressure?

A

0mmHg

35
Q

Cause of increased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure and result on GFR?

A

Kidney stone, decreased GFR

36
Q

Cause of increased Capillary oncotic pressure and result on GFR?

A

Diarrhoea, decreased GFR

37
Q

Cause of decreased Capillary oncotic pressure and result on GFR?

A

Beverly burned patient, increase in GFR

38
Q

Decrease in surface area for filtration and effect on GFR?

A

Decreased GFR

39
Q

Extrinsic regulation of renal blood flow and GRF

A

Sympathetic via baroreceptor

40
Q

Intrinsic regulation of renal blood flow and GFR

A
  • Myogenic mechanism by stretch of smooth muscle

- Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

41
Q

Proximal Tubule:

  • What is reabsorbed?
  • Transporters?
A
  • 100% of glucose and AA
  • 67% of salt and water
  • NaKATPase
  • Cl via paracellular pathway
  • Water by osmosis
42
Q

Ascending Loop:

  • What is reabsorbed?
  • Transporters?
  • Drugs used here
A
  • Na and Cl
  • Triple cotransporter
  • Impermeable to water
  • Transporter blocked by diuretics
43
Q

Descending Loop:

-What is reabsorbed?

A
  • Highly permeable to water
  • Does NOT reabsorb NaCl
  • Fluid leaving descending loop is highly concentrated
44
Q

Where do hormones affect the permeability of the kidney?

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct

45
Q

Distal Tubule:

  • What is reabsorbed: early and
  • Transporters?
  • Drugs used here
A
  • Early: NaCl, NaK2C transport
  • Late: Ca
  • Blocked by thiazide diuretics
46
Q

How does ADH act on the collecting duct?

A
  • ADH binds to Type 2 receptors expressed by the renal tubular cells (g coupled protein receptors)
  • Increase in cAMP
  • Increase in aquaporins
  • Increased permeability and water is reabsorbed
47
Q

High ADH, hyper or hypo tonic urine?

A

High ADH, High water permeability, hypertonic urine (concentrated)

48
Q

Low ADH, hyper or hypo tonic urine?

A

Low ADH, Low water permeability, hypotonic urine (dilute)

49
Q

Effect of Nicotine and Alcohol on ADH

A

Nicotine stimulates ADH

Alcohol inhibits ADH

50
Q

What receptors stimulate ADH

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

51
Q

How is the secretion of Aldosterone initiated?

A
  • In response to increased K or decreased Na
  • Stimulates Na reabsorption and K secretion
  • Aldosterone increases the number and rate of production of transporters in distal tubule and collecting ducts to increase Na
52
Q

What is the mechanism of ANP?

A
  • Produced by heart, stored in atrial muscle cells
  • Released in response to stretch due to increased circulating plasma volume
  • Leads to excretion of Na and diuresis
  • Decreases plasma volume
53
Q

What is pK?

A

Tells us the pH at which the reaction will reach equilibrium

54
Q

What drives bicarbonate ion reabsorption into the tubule?

A

H+ ion

55
Q

How is tubular acid excreted by the kidney?

A
  • Vast majority of H+ section if used for HCO3 reabsorption to prevent generation of acidosis
  • Excreted as “acid phosphate”
56
Q

What are the 3 components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  • Macula Densa
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
57
Q

Role of Macula densa

A
  • Sensory cells

- Senses ion composition in distal convoluted tubule and detects salt in tubular fluid

58
Q

Role of Juxtaglomerular cells

A
  • Effector cells
  • Modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole
  • Secrete Renin
59
Q

Role of Podocytes

A

-Interdigitating cell processes forming filtration slits

60
Q

Role of Mesangial cells

A

Support cells and removal of debris

61
Q

Difference between brush border at Proximal and distal convoluted loops

A

Proximal: “hairy” brush border
Distal: not “hairy”

62
Q

Where do Loop diuretics work?

A
  • Block triple co-transporter

- At ascending limp

63
Q

Where do Thiazide Diuretics work?

A
  • Block NaCl transporter

- At distal convoluted tubule

64
Q

Diuretics work at apical or basolateral membrane?

A

Apical

65
Q

How are thiazide and loop diuretics transported into the glomerular filtrate?

A
  • By anion transport

- NADC transport

66
Q

Where does Aldosterone work?

A
  • Distal tubule and collecting ducts

- Increases synthesis of Na/KATPase

67
Q

Action of Spironolactone?

A
  • Decreases number of Na/K channels at distal and collecting tubules
  • Decrease Na absorption
  • Blocks aldosterone receptors
68
Q

Mg and Ca are excreted when using Loop or Thiazide diuretics?

A
  • Mg and Ca excreted in Loop

- Mg but NOT Ca excreted in Diuretics

69
Q

Action of Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors

A
  • Proximal tubule
  • Increased excretion of HCO3 with Na, K, H2O
  • Glaucoma
70
Q

Action of Aquaretcis

A
  • Water loss without accompanying Na
  • Competitive antagonists of vasopressin receptors
  • Used in SIDH to correct hypoatraemia
71
Q

What are the major prostaglandins in the kidney?

A

PGE2- medulla
PGI- glomeruli
-Both act as vasodilators

72
Q

Action of Urosuric agents?

A

Block reabsorption of rate in proximal tubule

73
Q

Cortical nephrons

A
  • 80% of nephrons
  • Outer part of context
  • Do not fully descend into the medulla
  • Forms network of peritubular capillary
  • Reabsorption and secretion
  • Short loop of Henle
74
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 20% of Nephrons
  • Inner part of cortex
  • Descend deep into the medulla
  • Form Vasa Recta
  • Concentrate and dilute urine
  • Long loop of Henle

Summary of Stuff (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions