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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Incompetent LOS, Barrier impairment, delayed oespahgeal clearance, heartburn and waterbrash

A

GORD

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2
Q

Dyasphagia that is worse for solids than liquids

A

Benign osesphageal stricture

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3
Q

Treatment for GORD

A

1) Antacid
2) Full dose PPI
3) Step down to H2 receptor antagonists then antacids

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4
Q

More common in children, mucosal ring strictures or narrow calibrated oesophagus

A

Eosinophilic oesphagitis

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5
Q

Halitosis, gurgling and barium swallow

A

Pharyngeal Pouch

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6
Q

Manometry

A

Achalasia

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7
Q

Episodic chest pain may mimic angina, treat using PPE

A

Oesophageal spasm

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8
Q

Schatzki rings

A

Found at oesophago-gastric function–> benign strictures

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9
Q

Most common benign tumour of the oesphagus

A

Leiomyoma

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Normal–> Oesophagitis–> Barrett’s–> Adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

HLA DQ8, Small bowel, blunting of villi, flattening of epithelium, Marsh Score, Antibody test then biopsy, Dermatitis Herpetiformis

A

Coeliac

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12
Q

Chronic, progressive malabsorption from the tropics, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, treat using tetracycline, presents similarly to coeliac disease, adults more than children

A

Tropical Sprue

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13
Q

High numbers of coliforms, watery diarrhoea and steatorrhea due to vitamin B12 deficiency, hydrogen breath tests, tetracycline

A

Small bowel overgrowth

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14
Q

Infiltration of small intestinal mucosa by “foamy” macrophages, middle aged men, PCR diagnosis, PAS positive macrophages, joint pain, arthritis, fevers, diaroea and lymphadenopathy

A

Whipple’s Disease

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15
Q

Malaborption of vitamin B12 and bile salts, need parenteral nutrition and vitamin B12 supplements. Jejunum-colon or Jejunostomy.

A

Ileal Resection and short bowel syndrome

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16
Q

Nausea, vomiting, adominal distension, alternating constipation and diarrhoea but no mechanical obstruction

A

Pseudoobstruction

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17
Q

Most common congenital abnormality of the GI tract, failure of closure of the vitelline duct, 100cm of ileocaecal valve. complications in first 2 years of life. Can mimic appenditis

A

Meckel’s Diverticulum

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18
Q

Can affect any part of GI tract, usually results from swallowing after coughing, PCR, RIPE, Granulomatous hepatitis occurs

A

Abdominal TB

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19
Q

Patient with AF and abdominal pain. “Angina of the guts”, metabolic acidosis. Most commonly embolus from heart lodges and blocks the mesenteric artery. Complications: resolution, gangrene, fibrous stricture

A

Small bowel Ichaemia

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20
Q

Acute sever abdominal pain, no abdominal signs, rapid hypovolaemia–> shock

A

Acute Small bowel Ischaemia

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21
Q

When inflammation goes into the muscle layers, it loses tone and starts to distend

A

Toxic Megacolon

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22
Q

Projective mad of scar tissue which develops from granulation tissue during healing process. Failed attempt of wall to heal naturally. Signs of previous intense inflammation

A

Pseudopolyps

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23
Q

Rome Criteria and FODMAP

A

IBS

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24
Q

Uncommon, autosomal dominant, APC gene, 90% of patients develop CRC by age 50

A

Familial Ademomatous Polyps

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25
Q

Multiple hamartomatous polyps can occur in intestine and colon. Melanin pigementation of lips, mouth and digits. Autosomal dominant

A

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

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26
Q

1/3rd inherited in autosomal recessve manner, harmatous polyps, 20% develop CRC before age 40

A

Juvenile Polyps

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27
Q

Gastric pits elongated with replacement of parietal and chief cells with mucus secreting cells

A

Menetrier’s Disease

28
Q

Autoimmune damage to parietal cells, gastric atrophy and loss of intrinsic factor leading to pernicious anaemia. Most commonly caused by H.pylori

A

Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis

29
Q

Ulcer at first part of duodenum on anterior wall

A

Chronic Duodenal ulcer

30
Q

Ulcer where 90% are located at the lesser curve within the antrum or at the junction between the body and astral mucosa

A

Chronic Gastric Ulcer

31
Q

Gram negative spiral bacteria, lives between mucus layers, gastric type epithelium, provokes local inflammatory response, causes depletion of somatostatin and increased G cell secretion

32
Q

Board like rigitity, sever, sudden pain, upper abdomen generally, free air under diaphragm

A

Peritonitis

33
Q

Abdominal discomfort, satiety and loading after meals. Overlap between peptic ulcers and IBS

34
Q

Defective gastric emptying wihtout mechanical obstruction

A

Gastroparesis

35
Q

Pathogenesis of Stomach cancer

A

Normal–> Chronic Gastritis–> Chronic Gastritis Atropy, Intestinal Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Neoplasia

36
Q

Grey Turner’s Sign or Cullen’s Sign, GETSMASHED, Enzyme mediated autodigestion

A

Acute Pancreatitis

37
Q

A collection of fluid may accumulate in the lesser sac following inflammatory rupture of the pancreatic duct. After 6 weeks, this matures to form a fibrous cap. This can compress into surrounding structures

A

Pancreatic fluid collection develops into Pseudocyst causing pseudoaneurysm

38
Q

Raised serum amylase

A

Acute Pancreatitis

39
Q

Fibrosis and destruction of exocrine pancreatic tissue. Diabetes mellitus occurs in later stages. Alcohol misuse, middle ages men. Loss of exocrine function. Thin, malnourished with epigastric pain and skin pigmentation (chronic use of hot water bottle)

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

40
Q

Most cpmmon Pancreatic carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma

41
Q

Palpable gallbladder

A

Courvoiser’s Sign

42
Q

Disrupted and dilated anal cushions, typically at 3,7,11 o’clock. Fresh bright red blood, painless. Band ligation, sclerosants.

A

Haemorrhoids

43
Q

Tear in the anal canal due to passage of a constipated stool, “like passing glass through pack passage”. GTN ointment to relax sphincter

A

Anal Fissure

44
Q

A tract communictaes between the skin and anal canal and presents as an abscess which doesn’t heal. Glued or “Laid open”

A

Anal Fistula

45
Q

The mucosa may protrude through the anal canal. Bleeding and mucus PR. Incontinence and poor anal tone

A

Rectal Prolapse

46
Q

Abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, absent bowel sounds, high neutrophil count, broad spectrum antibiotics,, paracentesis required for diagnosis

A

Spontanous Bacterial Peritonitis

47
Q

Faecal oral, over crowding and poor sanitation. No chronic infection. Gold top serology.

A

Hepatitis A

48
Q

Chronic infection is common. Progression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis occurs 20-40 years

A

Hepatitis C

49
Q

Similar presentation to Hepatitis A

50
Q

Liver is enlarged, even in presence of cirrhosis

A

Alcoholic Liver Disease

51
Q

Syndromes of Alcoholic Liver disease

A

Fatty Liver, Alcoholi Liver Disease and Cirrhosis

52
Q

2 hit pathogenesis

A

1) Steatosis
2) Steatohepatitis

-NAFLD

53
Q

Insidious onset, ASMA and AMA

A

Autoimmune Type 1

54
Q

Anti LKM

A

Autoimmune Type 2

55
Q

Middle aged women, insidious onset, IgM elevation. AMA. Ursodexycholic acid

A

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

56
Q

Onion skin fibrosis, young men, high risk of CRC

A

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

57
Q

Malignant hepatocytes surrounded by dense fibrous storm, no Hep B or Cirrhosis. Surgical Resection

A

Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular carcinoma

58
Q

Most common benign liver tumours, asymptotic, diagnosis by US then CT

A

Haemangiomas

59
Q

Fever, rigors, leukocytosis, abdominal pain in RUQ. Due to biliary obstruction or empyema of gallbladder. Needle aspiration under US. Empirical broad spectrum antibiotics with pus drainage.

A

Liver Abscess

60
Q

Requires weekly venesection

A

Haemochromatosis

61
Q

Requires lifelong Penicillamine

62
Q

Autosomal dominant, mutation in promoter region of UDP-glucuonyl transferase. Decreased conjugation of bilirubin and accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin

A

Gilbert’s Syndrome

63
Q

Large bowel:
TH1 and TH2 mediated
TH1 mediated

A
  • 1&2 UC

- 1 Crohn’s

64
Q

ROME criteria

A

Used in IBS

65
Q
  • Bleeding PR
  • Obstruction occurs early
  • Tenesmus and altered bowel habit
A

Left sided colorectal cancer

66
Q
  • Weight loss

- Anaemia

A

Right sided colorectal cancer

Summary of Stuff (14 decks)

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