Endocrine

Question 1

Chovstek’s sign

Answer 1

• Hypocalcaemia

- Tapping on the facial nerve

Question 2

Trousseau’s sign

Answer 2

• Hypocalcaemia

- Carpopedal spasm

Question 3

QT Prolongation on ECG

Answer 3

Hypocalcaemia

Question 4

Causes of hypocalcaemia

Answer 4

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Vit D deficiency
• Chronic renal failure

Question 5

Treatment of acute hypocalcaemia

Answer 5

IV Calcium Gluconate 10mls, 10% over 10mins

Question 6

Treatment of acute hypercalcaemia

Answer 6

• Fluids
• Loop diuretics
• Bisphosphonates

Question 7

Indications for Parathyroidectomy in hypercalcaemia

Answer 7

-End organ damage
-V high calcium (>2.85)
-

Question 8

Increased PTH, Ca and increased urinary Ca excretion

Answer 8

Primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Question 9

Increased PTH, decreased Ca

Answer 9

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 10

Increased PTH, Ca and decreased urinary Ca excretion

Answer 10

Familiar hypocalcuric

Question 11

Isolated increased in Alkaline Phosphatase

Answer 11

Pagets

Question 12

Decreased Ca and PTH

Answer 12

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 13

Increased Ca, decreased PTH, Increased Alkaline Phosphatase

Answer 13

Malignancy

Question 14

Increased PTH and alkaline phosphatase

Answer 14

Osteomalacia

Question 15

Causes of hypocalcaemia

Answer 15

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Vit D deficiency
• Chronic renal failure

Question 16

Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

Answer 16

• Parastesia
• Muscle cramp
• Fatigue
• Choverheks and Trousseau sign
• ECG: QT prolongation

Question 17

What does Ca release from cells depend on?

Answer 17

• Magnesium

- Low Mg, high intracellular Ca and hypocalcaemia

Question 18

Genetic fault: low Ca and increased PTH

Answer 18

Pseudoparathyroidism

Question 19

Increased Ca, decreased PTH, increased phosphate, decreased alkaline phosphatase

Answer 19

Myeloma

Question 20

Increased Ca, decreased PTH, increased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase

Answer 20

Bone mets

Question 21

What does decreased PTH and increased phosphate suggest?

Answer 21

Malignancy

Question 22

What does increased PTH and increased alkaline phosphatase suggest?

Answer 22

Osteomalacia

Question 23

What do the theca cells produce?

Answer 23

Androgen

Question 24

What is the role of the granulosa cells?

Answer 24

Convert androgen to oestradoil

Question 25

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

Answer 25

At 12days if there is no hCG production from the embryo

Question 26

What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?

Answer 26

Corpus albicans

Question 27

What is the role of hCG?

Answer 27

To maintain the corpus luteum in the event of pregnancy

Question 28

At what stage does the placenta take over the role of the corpus luteum?

Answer 28

At 6 weeks

Question 29

How long does the corpus luteum grow for?

Answer 29

8-9days

Question 30

A genetic disorder characterised by a loss of GnRH secretion + anosmia or hyposmia

Answer 30

Kallman’s Syndrome

Question 31

Type I Ovarian disorder and examples

Answer 31

• Hypothalamic Pituitary failure
• Functional: stress, anorexia
• Isolated GH deficiency: Kallmann’s syndrome

Question 32

Type II Ovarian disorder and examples

Answer 32

• Failure of oestrogen in response to signals

- PCOS, hyperprolactinoma

Question 33

Type III Ovarian disorder and examples

Answer 33

• Ovarian failure

- Turners

Question 34

What is the Rotterdam criteria?

Answer 34

2 out of 3 of:

• Polycystic ovaries on US
• Hyperandrogenism
• Menstrual irregularities

Question 35

Ovulation induction treatment in PCOS

Answer 35

Clomifene citrate tablets up to 9 cycles