- Hypocalcaemia - Tapping on the facial nerve

- Hypocalcaemia - Carpopedal spasm

Endocrine Flashcards by Erin Timmoney

Chovstek’s sign

Hypocalcaemia

- Tapping on the facial nerve

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Trousseau’s sign

Hypocalcaemia

- Carpopedal spasm

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QT Prolongation on ECG

Hypocalcaemia

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Causes of hypocalcaemia

Hypoparathyroidism
Vit D deficiency
Chronic renal failure

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Treatment of acute hypocalcaemia

IV Calcium Gluconate 10mls, 10% over 10mins

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Treatment of acute hypercalcaemia

Fluids
Loop diuretics
Bisphosphonates

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Indications for Parathyroidectomy in hypercalcaemia

-End organ damage
-V high calcium (>2.85)
-

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Increased PTH, Ca and increased urinary Ca excretion

Primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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Increased PTH, decreased Ca

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

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Increased PTH, Ca and decreased urinary Ca excretion

Familiar hypocalcuric

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Isolated increased in Alkaline Phosphatase

Pagets

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Decreased Ca and PTH

Hypoparathyroidism

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Increased Ca, decreased PTH, Increased Alkaline Phosphatase

Malignancy

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Increased PTH and alkaline phosphatase

Osteomalacia

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Causes of hypocalcaemia

Hypoparathyroidism
Vit D deficiency
Chronic renal failure

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Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

Parastesia
Muscle cramp
Fatigue
Choverheks and Trousseau sign
ECG: QT prolongation

What does Ca release from cells depend on?

Magnesium

- Low Mg, high intracellular Ca and hypocalcaemia

Genetic fault: low Ca and increased PTH

Pseudoparathyroidism

Increased Ca, decreased PTH, increased phosphate, decreased alkaline phosphatase

Myeloma

Increased Ca, decreased PTH, increased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase

Bone mets

What does decreased PTH and increased phosphate suggest?

Malignancy

What does increased PTH and increased alkaline phosphatase suggest?

Osteomalacia

What do the theca cells produce?

Androgen

What is the role of the granulosa cells?

Convert androgen to oestradoil

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

At 12days if there is no hCG production from the embryo

What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?

Corpus albicans

What is the role of hCG?

To maintain the corpus luteum in the event of pregnancy

At what stage does the placenta take over the role of the corpus luteum?

At 6 weeks

How long does the corpus luteum grow for?

8-9days

A genetic disorder characterised by a loss of GnRH secretion + anosmia or hyposmia

Kallman's Syndrome

Type I Ovarian disorder and examples

- Hypothalamic Pituitary failure - Functional: stress, anorexia - Isolated GH deficiency: Kallmann's syndrome

Type II Ovarian disorder and examples

- Failure of oestrogen in response to signals | - PCOS, hyperprolactinoma

Type III Ovarian disorder and examples

- Ovarian failure | - Turners

What is the Rotterdam criteria?

2 out of 3 of: - Polycystic ovaries on US - Hyperandrogenism - Menstrual irregularities

Ovulation induction treatment in PCOS

Clomifene citrate tablets up to 9 cycles