ENT

Question 1

What are the otolith organs?

Answer 1

Utricle and saccule and semi-circular canals

Question 2

What do the otoconia contain?

Answer 2

Ca carbonate crystals

Question 3

What stimulates the vetibulo-occular reflex?

Answer 3

Semi-circular canals

Question 4

What is contained within the cochlea?

Answer 4

• Scala media (endolymph)

- Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli (perilymph)

Question 5

What direction do they sterocilia bend to initiate depolarisation?

Answer 5

Towards the longest

Question 6

What do the utricle & saccule detect?

Answer 6

Linear acceleration

Question 7

What is contained with the SSC?

Answer 7

• Cupula in the ampulla

- Deflection by movement of perilymph

Question 8

What is the function of the outer and inner hair cells in the Organ of Corti?

Answer 8

Outer: modulate sound
Inner: receive sound and send info back to brain

Question 9

Presentation of Squamous Papilloma?

Answer 9

-2 peaks of incidence

Question 10

HPV type in SCC?

Answer 10

16

Question 11

Salivary gland: acute bilateral symptoms

Answer 11

Mumps

Question 12

Salivary gland: acute unilateral

Answer 12

Oral infection

Question 13

Salivary gland: recurrent unilateral symptoms, pain and swelling, worse on eating

Answer 13

Sialolithiasis (stones)

Question 14

Bacterial causes of Otitis Externa?

Answer 14

Staphylococcus aureus
Proteus spp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 15

Fungal causes of Otitis Externa?

Answer 15

Aspergillus niger

Candida albicans

Question 16

Herpetic whitlow?

Answer 16

Herpes simplex virus of the finger

Question 17

What is the main difference between Vestibular Neuronitis and Labyrinthitis?

Answer 17

Larbrinitis has associated tinnitus and hearing loss

Question 18

Management of Meniere’s?

Answer 18

Salt restriction and Beta-histine

Question 19

What is the most common auditory symptom

in Migrainous Vertigo?

Answer 19

Phonophobia

Question 20

“Aural fullness”

Answer 20

Meniere’s

Question 21

“Tear drop” sign on CT

Answer 21

• Orbital floor fracture

- “Blow out” fracture of medial wall and floor

Question 22

Imaging of choice in trauma to look at the sinuses?

Answer 22

CT

Question 23

Imaging of choice to look at the auditory meatus and nerves?

Answer 23

MRI

Question 24

Centor Criteria

Answer 24

History of fever
Tonsillar exudates
Tender anterior cervical adenopathy
Absence of cough (cough is viral rather than bacterial)

Question 25

What are the investigations of choice in dysphagia?

Answer 25

1. Endoscopy
2. Ba swallow if no abnormality
3. Malignancy: stage with CT or MRI

Question 26

What are the investigations of choice in foreign bodies?

Answer 26

x-ray

Question 27

What is US used in ENT?

Answer 27

• Investigation of neck lumps
• Investigation and FNA of thyroid lumps
• Investigation of salivary gland disease
• Investigation of inflammatory masses, particularly in children to identify an abscess

Question 28

What is the difference between benign and malignant lymph nodes?

Answer 28

Benign: oval
Malignant: round

Question 29

What imaging is used in neck and chest cancer staging?

Answer 29

• CT for larynx

- MRI for skull base

Question 30

Imaging in sensori-neural deafness?

Answer 30

• MRI

- Vestibular Schwannoma

Question 31

Imaging in conductive deafness?

Answer 31

• CT

- Cholesteatoma

Question 32

What is contained within the carotid space?

Answer 32

Carotid artery
Jugular vein
Cranial & sympathetic n.
Lymph nodes

Question 33

Rhinitis classifications for intermittent and persistent?

Answer 33

Intermittent:4days a week AND >4weeks duration

Question 34

Treatment for nasal polyps?

Answer 34

• Oral then topical steroids

- If no better, surgery

Question 35

Acute Rhonisinusitis symptoms?

Answer 35

Facial pain
Discharge
Nasal blockage

Question 36

Enlarged adenoid in a teenage boy?

Answer 36

Angiofibroma

Question 37

Name a decongestant

Answer 37

Pseudoephedrine