ENT Flashcards
What are the otolith organs?
Utricle and saccule and semi-circular canals
What do the otoconia contain?
Ca carbonate crystals
What stimulates the vetibulo-occular reflex?
Semi-circular canals
What is contained within the cochlea?
- Scala media (endolymph)
- Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli (perilymph)
What direction do they sterocilia bend to initiate depolarisation?
Towards the longest
What do the utricle & saccule detect?
Linear acceleration
What is contained with the SSC?
- Cupula in the ampulla
- Deflection by movement of perilymph
What is the function of the outer and inner hair cells in the Organ of Corti?
Outer: modulate sound
Inner: receive sound and send info back to brain
Presentation of Squamous Papilloma?
-2 peaks of incidence
HPV type in SCC?
16
Salivary gland: acute bilateral symptoms
Mumps
Salivary gland: acute unilateral
Oral infection
Salivary gland: recurrent unilateral symptoms, pain and swelling, worse on eating
Sialolithiasis (stones)
Bacterial causes of Otitis Externa?
Staphylococcus aureus
Proteus spp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Fungal causes of Otitis Externa?
Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans
Herpetic whitlow?
Herpes simplex virus of the finger
What is the main difference between Vestibular Neuronitis and Labyrinthitis?
Larbrinitis has associated tinnitus and hearing loss
Management of Meniere’s?
Salt restriction and Beta-histine
What is the most common auditory symptom
in Migrainous Vertigo?
Phonophobia
“Aural fullness”
Meniere’s
“Tear drop” sign on CT
- Orbital floor fracture
- “Blow out” fracture of medial wall and floor
Imaging of choice in trauma to look at the sinuses?
CT
Imaging of choice to look at the auditory meatus and nerves?
MRI
Centor Criteria
History of fever
Tonsillar exudates
Tender anterior cervical adenopathy
Absence of cough (cough is viral rather than bacterial)
What are the investigations of choice in dysphagia?
- Endoscopy
- Ba swallow if no abnormality
- Malignancy: stage with CT or MRI
What are the investigations of choice in foreign bodies?
x-ray
What is US used in ENT?
- Investigation of neck lumps
- Investigation and FNA of thyroid lumps
- Investigation of salivary gland disease
- Investigation of inflammatory masses, particularly in children to identify an abscess
What is the difference between benign and malignant lymph nodes?
Benign: oval
Malignant: round
What imaging is used in neck and chest cancer staging?
- CT for larynx
- MRI for skull base
Imaging in sensori-neural deafness?
- MRI
- Vestibular Schwannoma
Imaging in conductive deafness?
- CT
- Cholesteatoma
What is contained within the carotid space?
Carotid artery
Jugular vein
Cranial & sympathetic n.
Lymph nodes
Rhinitis classifications for intermittent and persistent?
Intermittent:4days a week AND >4weeks duration
Treatment for nasal polyps?
- Oral then topical steroids
- If no better, surgery
Acute Rhonisinusitis symptoms?
Facial pain
Discharge
Nasal blockage
Enlarged adenoid in a teenage boy?
Angiofibroma
Name a decongestant
Pseudoephedrine
