Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summary of Stuff > MSK Science > Flashcards

MSK Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which muscles are unstriated?

A

Smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which muscles are under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which muscles are under autonomic control?

A

Cardiac and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are skeletal muscles arranged and innervated?

A

Arranged into motor units and innervated by a single alpha motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many muscle fibres does intrinsic muscles of the hand/extra-ocular muscles have?

A

Few (10) per motor unit

Innervated by single alpha motor unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many muscle fibres does thigh muscles have?

A

Hundreds to 1,000s

Innervated by single alpha motor unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference in initiating contraction between Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal: neurogenic initiation of contraction
Cardiac: myogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference in junctions between Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal: neuromuscular junction
Cardiac: gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference in excitation between Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal: Ca is released from lateral sacs of SR when the surface poetical spreads down the transverse T tables

Cardiac: Ca from ECF and SR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the skeletal NMJ?

A

Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference in mediating contraction between Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal: motor unit recruitment and summation of contractions
Cardiac: the extent of heart filling with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In skeletal muscle, when is Ca released from the SR?

A

When the surface AP spreads down the transverse T tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcomere zone: What is the A band?

A

Made up of thick filaments along with portions of thin filaments that overlap in both ends of thick filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sarcomere zone: What is the H zone?

A

Lighter area within middle of A-band where thin filaments don’t reach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sarcomere zone: What is the M zone?

A

Extends vertically down middle of A-band within the centre of H-zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sarcomere zone: What is the I band?

A

Consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project in A-band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can cardiac muscle be tetanised?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is skeletal muscle stimulated to contract?

A
  • Single twitch
  • Several twitches fires before the AP has time to relax brings about contraction
  • Maximal contraction at optimal length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is Isotonic contraction used?

A
  • Body movements and moving objects

- Muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is Isometric contraction used?

A
  • For supporting objects in fixed position and maintaining body posture
  • Muscle tension develops at constant muscle length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes of impairment of skeletal muscle function

A
  • Intrinsic muscle disease
  • NMJ disease
  • Lower motor neurone disease
  • Disruption of inputs to motor units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spinal segment for knee jerk

A

L3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spinal segment for ankle jerk

A

S1,2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spinal segment for Biceps

A

C5-6

27
Q

Spinal segment for Brachioradialis

A

C5,6

28
Q

Spinal segment for Triceps

A

C6,7

29
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A
  • Sensory receptors for stretch reflex
  • Collection of specialised muscle fibres
  • Within the belly of muscles, running parallel to ordinary muscle fibres
  • Sensory nerve endings: annulospiral fibres
30
Q

How do muscle spindles mediate muscle stretch?

A

-The discharge from the muscle spindles sensory endings increases as the muscle is stretched

31
Q

What are the efferent neurones which supply muscle spindles?

A

Gamma motor neurones

32
Q

How do Gamma motor neurones work?

A

Adjust the level of tension in the muscle spindles to maintain their sensitivity when the muscle shorten during muscle contraction

33
Q

Are skeletal muscle fibres all the same?

A

No, each motor unit contains only one type of muscle fibre

34
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?

A
  • Slow oxidative
  • Fast oxidative
  • Fast glycolytic
35
Q

When are type 1 muscle fibres used?

A
  • Slow oxidative
  • Aerobic
  • Prolonged low work aerobic activities
  • Walking
36
Q

When are type 2a muscle fibres used?

A
  • Intermediate fibres
  • Both aerobic and anaerobic
  • Prolonged moderate activity
  • Jogging
37
Q

When are type 2x muscle fibres used?

A
  • Fast twitch
  • Anaerobic
  • High intensity e.g. jumping
38
Q

Which cells produce synovial fluid?

A

Fibroblasts

39
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid and how is it replaced?

A
  • Supplies the chondrocyte with oxygen, nutrients and removes CO2 and waste products
  • It is continuously replenished and reabsorbed by synovial membrane
40
Q

How does synovial joint viscosity vary with movement?

A

Rapid movement: decreased viscosity and increased elasticity of synovial fluid

41
Q

What contributes to the viscosity of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid (mucin) produced by synovial cells

42
Q

How does synovial fluid change in:

  • Trauma
  • Inflammatory
  • Septic arthritis
A

Trauma: red on aspiration
Inflammatory: straw to yellow colour, translucent, leukocytes, WCC
Septic arthritis: v.high WCC and leukocytes

43
Q

What is the composition of articular cartilage?

A
  • Usually hyaline
  • Has a special ECM made of:
  • water (70%)- nutrition and lubrication
  • type 2 collagen (20%)- architecture
  • proteoglycans (10%)- load bearing
44
Q

How does the mechanical properties of cartilage components change with age?

A
  • Water content (70%) decreases with age
  • Collagen (20%, architecture) decreases with age
  • Proteoglycan (10%, load bearing decreases with age)
45
Q

How is cartilage turnover mediated?

A
  • Catabolic factors: Stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis
  • Anabolic factors: Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteract effects of IL-1
46
Q

What is the prophylaxis in Orthopaedic surgery?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav pre and post op

- Min 6 wks pre-op

47
Q

What are the likely organisms in an acute BJI?

A

Streptococci and Staph Aureus

48
Q

What are the likely organisms in an chronic BJI?

A

CoNS, proprionibacteria

49
Q

How many bone and tissue samples in a BJI?

A

Min 3 bone/tissue samples

50
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the NMJ?

A

Ach

51
Q

What is the post synaptic receptor where Ach binds to?

A

Nicotinic receptor

52
Q

What is the structure of the Nicotinic receptor?

A
  • Pentameric
  • 2 alpha
  • Beta
  • Sigma
  • Gamma
53
Q

Summarise what happens at the pre-synaptic phase of the NMJ

A
  1. Acetate + choline= Acetylcholine
  2. Ach is concentrated in vesicles by vesicular Ach transporter
  3. AP at terminal causes depolarisation and opening of Ca gated channels and Ca enters terminal
  4. Ca causes vesicles to fuse with pre-synaptic membrane and exocytosis whereby Ach diffuses into the synaptic clef occurs
  5. Ach activates post synaptic nicotinic receptors on end plate
54
Q

Summarise what happens at the post-synaptic phase of the NMJ

A
  1. Ach activates Nicotinic receptor
  2. When Na influx>K efflux through receptor, mini end plate potential is generated
  3. Many mini end plate potential summate to an end plate potential
  4. End plate potential generated through Na channel and enters through transverse tubule
  5. AP at transvers tubule triggers Ca release from SR, interacts with troponin and mediates contraction
55
Q

How is the action of Ach at the end plate of the NMJ terminated?

A

By the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase at the NMJ

56
Q

Features of Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Weakness of eye and eye lid muscles
  • Autoimmune
  • Antibodies against nicotinic Ach receptors in end plate
  • Decreased function
  • Decreased e.p.p
57
Q

Radiolucent nidus in cortex of bone, dull pain, worse at night, relieved by NSAIDs

A

Osteoid Osteoma (benign)

58
Q

Cartilage capped bony projection, in 20s

A

Osteochrondroma (benign)

59
Q

Benign cartilage tumour, 20s, “chicken wire calcification”, well defined osteolytic foci

A

Chondroblastoma (benign)

60
Q

V.rare bone tumour from notochord remnants, older adults

A

Chordoma (benign but locally invasive)

61
Q

Malignant osteoblasts forming osteoid, rapid growth, ends of long bones, young people

A

Osteosarcoma

62
Q

Malignant chondrocytes bone tumour

A

Chondrosarcoma

63
Q

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour, irregular tan to brown tumour mass, “small round blue cell” on histology

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

64
Q

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow, old age, causes renal failure, “spike” on protein electrophoresis, Bence Jones Protein

A

Multiple Myeloma

Summary of Stuff (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions