Ophthalmology Flashcards
Clinical sign which may refer to vesicles on the tip or side of the nose which precedes the development of Herpes Zoster
Hutchinson’s sign
Transient visual loss “like a curtain coming down” without headache. Refer to TIA clinic to improve circulation
Amaurosis Fugax
Causes of sudden visual loss- CARDIGAN
Congenital Age related macular degeneration Refractive error Diabetic Retinopathy Inherited diseases Glaucoma Access Non urgent
Causes of Red Eye
Conjunctivitis Keratitis Anterior Uveitis Scleritis/Episcleritis Acute Angle Closed Glaucoma
Composition of CSF
- More enriched in chloride
- Lower K, glucose and protein
Pathologies relating to CSF
Tumour, haemorrhage, hydrocephalus
Composition of aqueous humor
- Bathes structures within the eyes
- Provides oxygen and metabolites
- Contains bicarbonate to buffer H produced by eye structures
Causes of Conjunctivititis
Infective: viral, bacterial or chlamydial
-Allergic, chemical or eczema
Causes of Keratitis
Central: infective, fungal, bacteria or Acanthaobae
Peripheral: RA, Wegener’s, autoimmune
Symptoms in Keratitis
Needle like pain, photophobia, circumcorneal redness
Symptoms of Anterior Uveitis
- Referred pain
- Reduced vision
- Photophobia
Signs of Anterior Uveitis
Hypopyon, synechaeia, pupil smaller on affected side
Treatment in Chylaydmial conjunctivitis
Oxytetracycline
Fusidic acid
Staph Aureus
Gentamicin
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Cause of conjunctivitis in neonates
- Neisseria Gonorrhoea
- Chlymydia Trachomatis
- Staph aureus
Treatment in bacterial conjunctivitis
Swab then chlorophenical
Causes of viral conjunctivitis
- Adenovirus
- Herpes simplex (white vesicles)
- Herpes Zoster (Hutchinson’s sign)
Treatment of bacterial keratitis
- Hypopyon
- Corneal scrapes
- Hourly Abx drops
Treatment of herpetic keratitis
- Dendritic ulcer
- Very painful and recurrent
- DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS
- Local anaesthetic as may refuse to open eye
Treatment of advenoviral keratitis
- Bilateral, following URTI, contagious
- Give topical Abx for secondary prevention
Follicles under tarsus
Chylamdial infection
Risk factors for Fungal keratitis and organisms
- Contact lens wearers
- Acanthamoeba
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Organism causing Endophthalmitis?
- Staph epidermidis
- Post surgical
Treatment of Endophthalmitis?
Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics
Causes of Chorioretinitis
CMV in AIDS Toxoplasma gondii (mild flu like, immunocompromised) Toxocara canis (worm, self limiting, granuloma)
Action of Chloraphenicol
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
Dacrocystitis
Stasis of tears from nasolacrimal duct
Only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage?
Conjunctiva
Downregulated immune environment and relative lack of antigen presenting cells in the eye?
Cornea and Sclera
