renal physiology

Question 1

cortex of kidney

Answer 1

outer portion (but under capsule) houses

parts of the renal tubule and vasculature -glomerular capsule, convoluted tubules (prox and dist), glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, juxtaglomerular complex

Question 2

capsule of kidney

Answer 2

membranous sheath on outside of kidney
does not permit expansion during inflammation

Question 3

medulla of kidney

Answer 3

inner portion
May be arranged in masses that are pyramidal in shape.
contains medullary loop and vessels
-nephric loop, collecting ducts, vasa rects

Question 4

bovine kidney

Answer 4

lobated, no renal pelvis

Question 5

renal lobe

Answer 5

each pyramid with its cortex
**ADD PIC

Question 6

papilla of kidney

Answer 6

at the apex of the pyramid at the renal sinus

Question 7

kidney development

Answer 7

dogs, horses, sheep fuse the pyramids to form medullary mass
bovine kidneys retain multilobar shape

Question 8

renal pelvis

Answer 8

expansion of the ureter, where all the papillary ducts open into

Question 9

ureter path

Answer 9

ureter goes from renal pelvis to the dorsal surface of bladder and empties near the neck

Question 10

renal tubule segments

Answer 10

glomerular (Bowmans) capsule
proximal (convoluted) tubule
nephric loop (loop of Henle)
distal (convoluted) tubule
collecting duct

Question 11

glomerulus

Answer 11

complex tangle of capillaries in glomerular capsule
keeps cells & large molecules in vessel while filtering out water, electrolytes (glomerular filtrate)

Question 12

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 12

nephron

Question 13

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 13

rate of filtration through the glomerulus
in beagle- can produce 37ml/14gal of filtrate- must recover some of this!

Question 14

flow of blood through kidney

Answer 14

• Renal blood flow from the renal artery enters the network of capillaries.
• The afferent arteriole leads into the glomerulus.
• Once through the glomerulus, the capillaries anastomose to form the efferent arteriole.
• The filtered blood flows away from the kidney in the efferent arteriole and eventually leaves the kidney with the renal vein.

Question 15

2 general groups of glomeruli

Answer 15

• those in the mid and upper cortex
• those near the corticomedullary junction

Question 16

vasa recta

Answer 16

straight vessels

highly permeable to solutes and water

flow dependent

provide O2 and nutrients to nephron itself

Question 17

Renal corpuscle

Answer 17

collective term for glomerulus and urinary capsule

Question 18

urinary capsule vs corpuscle

Answer 18

Question 19

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

function: absorption

initial mass of recovery of filtered stuff we want to keep (solutes and water)

secrete things we don’t want to keep

Question 20

thick vs think segments of tubules

Answer 20

variably permeable to water and solute

able to dilute tubular fluid and concentrate salts in the medulla

sets up ability to excrete either concentrated or dilute urine as needed

Question 21

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

dumps into collecting duct

Question 22

macula densa

Answer 22

part of distal convoluted tubule next to glomerulus

• a specialized segment of the distal convoluted tubule adjacent to companion glomerulus – part of the juxtaglomerular
• Sensitive to the concentration of NaCl in the blood and play an important role in blood pressure regulation

Question 23

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 23

tubular part: macula densa of distal tubule

arteriolar part: juxtaglomerular cells and afferent arteriole

mesangial cells

Question 24

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 24

of afferent arteriole

Question 25

mesangial cells

Answer 25

dispersed amoung glomerular tuft as well as afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 26

cortical function

Answer 26

make, then modify filtrate:

• filter
• add/recover substances to/from filtrate
• Peritubular capillary network – deliver materials to and recover materials from tubules

-BP regulation

Question 27

medullary function

Answer 27

• dilution of tubular fluid
• concentrate medullary salts
• final control over excretion of concentrated or dilute urine
• acid-base balance
• final determination of K⁺ homeostasis

Question 28

hormones produced by the kidney

Answer 28

renin: BP regulation

1,25 dihydroxycholecalcipherol: vit D metabolism/absorption

erythropoietin: RBC production
protaglandins: locally vasoactive

Question 29

renin

Answer 29

produced by kidney

BP regulation

Question 30

1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL

Answer 30

vit D metabolism/absorption

produced by kidney

Question 31

erythropoietin

Answer 31

produced by kidney

RBC production

Question 32

prostoglandins

Answer 32

produced by kidney

locally vasoactive

Question 33

hormones produced elseware acting on kidney

Answer 33

(know the ones made by the kindey more)!

Antidiuretic hormone – allows urine concentration

Aldosterone – raises systemic blood pressure

Atrial natriuretic peptide – decreases blood pressure

Parathyroid hormone – calcium metabolism