Equine bovine physical exams Flashcards
normal horse TPR
T – 99.5 ± 1°F
P - 36 ± 10 beats per minute
R - 12 ± 4 breaths per minute
what lymph nodes do you palpate in a horse?
submandibular and retropharyngeal
how many heart sounds do you hear in a horse?
can hear 2, 3 and/or 4
where to hear horses heart
L side right under tricep
listen to R too but more quiet
where to listen to equine breath sounds
trachea, larynx, whole lung field
hard to hear abnormal lungs
listening to equine gut sounds
listen in 4 areas of the abdomen (paralumbar fossa, upper flank, lower flank, paramedian)
distance exam bovine
Attitude – position of head
Body shape (abdomen, back) and position of animal and limbs/tail
Respiratory rate and effort
Evidence of secretions – urine, feces, discharges, bleeding
Evidence of eating/chewing cud and drinking
Ambulation – coordinated? Lameness?
ENVIRONMENT – look around
Normal HR and sounds cow
60-84BPM
S1, S2 (sometimes S3, S4)
locations of cow cardiac auscultation
shove arm far under tricep
Pulmonic valve: half-way between the left elbow and shoulder joints in the third ICS
Aortic valve: just below a horizontal line through the left shoulder joint in the fourth ICS
Mitral valve: just below a horizontal line through the left shoulder joint in the fifth ICS
Tricuspid valve: half-way between the right elbow and shoulder joints in the third ICS
pulses in cow
hard to feel
coccygeal and maxillary
cow resp rate
10-40 breaths per min
locations for respiratory auscultation cow
larynx (insp and exp)
trachea (insp and exp)
lungs, both sides (insp)
cow lung auscultation technique
Can’t just “lay” stethoscope on – need to put a little pressure (particularly if over conditioned)
Best in the intercostal spaces
At most ventral site – may hear heart sounds
Listen to 4 places on each side
cow abdomen auscultation locations
Left – rumen, displaced abomasum
Right – cecum, intestines, abomasum (displaced or volvulus)
auscultation of primary rumen contractions
Quantity
* 1 cycle/minute, can increase with eating
* Listen for 2 minutes and count # of contractions
Location for auscultation
* Ventral paralumbar fossa
Quality
* Strength – how loud?
* dependent on contents of rumen
Listen in the “low register”
Length – how progressive
Reticulum → dorsal sac → ventral sac → caudoventral sac →caudodorsal sac
external lymph nodes in cow
Sub-mandibular
Pre-scapular
Pre-femoral
Supra-mammary
if you can see them it is bad
where to hear rumen gas cap and left displaced abumasum ping
left side
where to hear right displaced abumasum, cecal ping
right side
cow dehydration status
Mild dehydration (6-8%)
* slight eyeball recession, skin tent slightly prolonged (2-4 seconds), mucous membranes moist
Moderate dehydration (8-10%)
* eyes obviously sunken, skin tent obviously prolonged (4-8 seconds), mucous membranes tacky
Severe dehydration (10-12%)
* eyes severely sunken into orbits, skin remains tented indefinitely, mucous membranes dry
normal temperature cow
100-102.5F
rectal palpation of rumen
Deep palpation (to shoulder)
Left – ventral and dorsal quadrants
Using all fingers together determine “dentability”
rectal palpation of L kidney
Deep palpation
Midline, but not firmly attached to body wall – 4-6” down
Can only feel caudal pole
intestines rectal palpation cow
lower right quadrant, feel like nothing, mushy
