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Year 2 Renal > Renal pathology I > Flashcards

Renal pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the congenital renal pathologies?

A
  • agenesis
  • hypoplasia
  • ectopic
  • horseshoe
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2
Q

is renal agenesis usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

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3
Q

is renal hypoplasia usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

unilateral

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4
Q

horseshoe kidney carries an increased risk of ____________

A

infection

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5
Q

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is due to mutation in what genes?

A

PKD1 or PKD2

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6
Q

1/3 of patients with AD polycystic kidney disease also present with cysts in what other organ?

A

liver

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7
Q

berry aneurysms are associated with what renal disease?

A

AD polycystic kidney disease (10% of patients)

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8
Q

PKD1 or PKD2 mutations cause what renal pathology?

A

AD polycystic kidney disease

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9
Q

how much of the kidney must be displaced with cysts before a precipitous drop in renal function?

A

2/3

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10
Q

further workup in ADPKD includes looking at what organs?

A

liver and brain (berry aneurysms)

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11
Q

what is the gross appearance of the kidney in ADPKD?

A
  • no recognizable normal kidney tissue

- cysts containing hemorrhage causing a darkening appearance

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12
Q

does autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) present in childhood or adulthood?

A

childhood

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13
Q

ARPKD is due to a mutation in what gene?

A

PKHD 1

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14
Q

in ARPKD cysts develop from what renal structure?

A

collecting ducts

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15
Q

congenital hepatic fibrosis is associated with what renal pathology?

A

ARPKD

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16
Q

what is the gross appearance of the kidney at birth in ARPKD?

A

huge, white, SMOOTH surfaced kidneys

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17
Q

does ARPKD take on a more cystic or fibrotic morphology?

A

fibrotic

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18
Q

what are the other terms for simple cysts?

A
  • “retention”

- “acquired”

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19
Q

renal biopsies are routinely stained for what factors?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • C3
  • C1q
  • kappa light chains
  • lambda light chains
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20
Q

anti-GBM disease has what type of immunofluorescence staining pattern?

A

linear capillary loop

21
Q
  • membranous nephropathy
  • lupus nephritis

these have what type of immunofluorescence staining pattern?

A

granular capillary loop

22
Q
  • IgA nephropathy
  • lupus nephritis

these have what type of immunofluorescence staining pattern?

23
Q

lupus nephritis can show what type of immunofluorescence staining patterns?

A
  • granular capillary loop

- mesangial

24
Q

what is the other name for the glomerular epithelial cell?

25
in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease, antibodies are formed against what structures?
- native GBM - "planted" antigens - glomerular cells (mesangial cells, podocytes, etc)
26
what arm of immunity is associated with glomerular disease?
cell mediated
27
what cell types are associated with glomerular disease?
- neutrophils - monocytes - macrophages - T cells - NK cells - platelets - mesangial
28
what soluble mediators are associated with glomerular disease?
- cytokines - chemokines - coagulation factors
29
what are the three main clinical renal syndromes?
- nephritic - nephrotic - acute renal failure
30
what is the general cause of nephritic syndrome? what is the result?
- GLOMERULAR injury: breaks in glomerular capillary loops | - hematuria
31
what is the general cause of nephrotic syndrome? what is the result?
- GLOMERULAR injury: glomerular capillary filtration defects - severe proteinuria
32
what is the general cause of acute renal failure? what is the result?
- tubular injury in most cases | - oliguria + rapid rise in serum creatinine
33
what is the first approach to diagnosis in a patient with renal disease?
classify the patient's symptoms using clinical and laboratory parameters into one of the clinical renal syndromes
34
what are the symptoms of nephritic syndrome?
- HTN - oliguria - proteinuria - azotemia - hematuria - RBC casts
35
what type of casts are seen in nephritic syndrome?
RBC casts
36
what are the symptoms of nephrotic syndromes?
- proteinuria (over 3.5 g / 24 h) - pitting edema - hypoalbuminemia - hypercoagulable state - hypercholesterolemia - hypogammaglobinemia - fatty casts
37
what type of casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome?
fatty casts
38
is azotemia seen in nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephritic
39
what is the cause of hematuria in nephritic syndrome?
breaks in the glomerular capillaries that results in leakage of RBCs into urinary space
40
what is the cause of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome?
glomerular capillary filtration defects (podocyte effacement) that results in leakage of protein into urinary space
41
what is the gross appearance of the kidneys in chronic renal failure?
- small kidneys - thinning cortex - increase in pelvic fat
42
what is the microscopic appearance of the kidneys in chronic renal failure?
- glomerular sclerosis - interestitial fibrosis - tubular atrophy
43
what are the three primary causes of nephrotic syndrome?
- minimal change disease - focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - membranous nephropathy
44
what is the main secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome?
diabetic nephropathy
45
- minimal change disease - focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - membranous nephropathy these can cause what type of renal syndrome?
nephrotic syndrome
46
what is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (2-6 y)?
minimal change nephropathy (minimal change disease, lipoid nephrosis)
47
what is the histological appearance of minimal change nephropathy?
- diffuse epithelial foot process effacement | - lipid in tubular cells
48
minimal change nephropathy responds to what treatment?
steroids
49
"diffuse epithelial foot process effacement" describes the histological appearance of what disease?
minimal change nephropathy

Year 2 Renal (38 decks)

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