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Year 2 Renal > Physiological correlates of renal disease I > Flashcards

Physiological correlates of renal disease I Flashcards

1
Q

what % of CO do the kidneys receive?

A

20%

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2
Q

how often is the entire blood supply filtered through the kidneys?

A

30 minutes

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3
Q

what are the major functions of the kidney?

A
  • excretion
  • body fluid / electrolyte balance
  • elaboration of endocrine hormones
  • gluconeogenesis
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4
Q

what three layers make up the glomerular membrane?

A
  • endothelium of capillary
  • basement membrane
  • podocytes (epithelial cells)
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5
Q

the high filtration rate across the glomerular capillary is supported by what 3 factors?

A
  • perforation of the endothelium (fenestrae)
  • meshwork of the basement membrane
  • podocytes
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6
Q

what is the main underlying problem in nephrotic syndrome?

A

increased glomerular permeability to large proteins such as albumin

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7
Q

plasma in the glomerular capillaries must pass through which 3 structures before it becomes glomerular filtrate?

A
  • capillary endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • bowman’s capsule epithelium
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8
Q

what impedes the movement of proteins into the glomerular filtrate?

A

negatively charged basement membrane

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9
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

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10
Q

what are the differences between the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in terms of 1) glomeruli location and 2) loop length?

A

cortical:
- glomeruli in outer cortex
- shorter loop

juxtaglomerular:
- glomeruli deep in cortex
- longer loop

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11
Q

which nephrons are surrounded by peritubular capillaries?

A

cortical

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12
Q

what are the two types of capillary beds in the kidney?

A
  • glomerular

- peritubular

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13
Q

the glomerular and peritubular capillaries are arranged in series and separated by what structure?

A

efferent arteriole

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14
Q

the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by specialized peritubular capillaries known as what?

A

vasa recta

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15
Q

what capillary network has an essential role in the formation of concentrated urine?

A

vasa recta

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16
Q

what is the tonicity of the glomerular filtrate in comparison to the plasma?

A

isotonic

17
Q

the GFR is determined by what two factors?

A
  • net filtration pressure

- glomerular capillary filtration fraction coefficient

18
Q

what two components / forces make up the net filtration pressure?

where does this take place?

A
  • hydrostatic forces
  • colloid osmotic forces
  • takes place across glomerular membrane
19
Q

what force favors filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic

20
Q

what forces oppose filtration?

A
  • glomerular colloid oncotic

- bowman’s capsule pressure

21
Q

what is the effect of afferent arteriole constriction on GFR?

A

decreased

22
Q

what is the effect of efferent arteriole constriction on GFR?

A

increased

23
Q

what is the effect of afferent arteriole dilation on GFR?

A

increased

24
Q

what is the effect of efferent arteriole dilation on GFR?

A

decreased

25
Q

60-70% of sodium is reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?

A

PCT

26
Q

why filter amino acids, oligopeptides, and glucose carboxylates if they are not going to be excreted?

A
  • filtration is not specific enough

- filtration is based on rate (selectivity does not occur during filtration)

27
Q

which substances have a fractional excretion over 1 (excreted more than filtered)?

A
  • potassium
  • protons
  • organic acids and bases
  • urea
  • urate
28
Q

definition: alkalosis

A
  • reduction in extracellular fluid proton concentration

- kidney fails to reabsorb filtered bicarb, increasing bicarb excretion

29
Q

what is responsible for the selectivity of tubular reabsorption / secretion?

A
  • luminal membrane

- tight junctions

30
Q

what are the two pathways for reabsorption of filtered fluid and solutes from the tubular lumen into the blood?

A
  • transcellular

- paracellular (diffusion)

31
Q

the transcellular pathway of reabsorption comprises which two transport types?

A
  • primary active

- secondary active

32
Q

what type of solutes are transported transcellularly?

A

metabolic substrates:

  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
33
Q

what are the pathological steps involved in nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • glomerular injury
  • proteinuria
  • reduced colloid oncotic pressure
  • edema
  • reduced plasma volume
34
Q

pathogenesis: nephrotic syndrome

A
  • disturbance in forces that normally partition fluid into various subcompartments of extracellular fluid space
  • blood volume remains contracted even though extracellular fluid volume is expanded

Year 2 Renal (38 decks)

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