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Year 2 Renal > Anatomical overview of the renal system > Flashcards

Anatomical overview of the renal system Flashcards

1
Q

where are kidney stones most likely to lodge in the ureters?

A
  • renal pelvis / ureter junction
  • pelvic brim
  • ureter / bladder junction
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2
Q

the kidneys align with which vertebral bodies?

A

T12 - L3

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3
Q

are the renal corpuscles in the cortex or medulla?

A

cortex

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4
Q

what two components make up the renal corpuscles?

A
  • glomerulus

- bowman’s capsule

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5
Q

what two structures make up the renal cortex?

A
  • corpuscles

- cortical labyrinths

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6
Q

what components make up the cortical labyrinth?

A
  • PCT
  • loop of henle
  • DCT
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7
Q

what structures are found in the renal medulla?

A
  • loops of henle
  • collecting ducts
  • papilla
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8
Q

are the renal columns cortex or medulla?

A

cortex

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9
Q

what is the order of blood supply to the kidney?

A
  • renal
  • segmental
  • interlobar
  • arcuate
  • interlobular
  • afferent arteriole
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubular capillary beds, vasa recta
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10
Q

what are the two types of layers in bowman’s capsule?

A
  • parietal

- visceral

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11
Q

which part of the loop of henle is located in the cortex? which part is in the medulla?

A
  • cortex: thick part

- medulla: thin part

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12
Q

what are the types / functions of the mesangial cells?

A
  • contractile cells that control glomerular flow

- phagocytic cells clear immune complexes and clean BM

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13
Q

what do the contractile mesangial cells respond to?

A

ANF

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14
Q

the “filter” for size / charge occurs where / through what cells?

A

basement membrane / mesangial cells

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15
Q

podocytes make up what part of the nephron?

A

visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

what are the two laminae of the basement membrane?

A
  • lamina rara

- lamina densa

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17
Q

where is the lamina rara located? what is its function? what molecules lines it?

A
  • basement membrane on either side of lamina densa
  • charge barrier that traps cationic molecules, repels anionic molecules
  • heparin sulfate
18
Q

where is the lamina densa located? what is its function? what type of collagen lines this space?

A
  • basement membrane
  • restricts movement of molecules greater than 70 kDa MW
  • type IV collagen
19
Q

what components make up the filtration apparatus from the glomerular to urinary space (in order)?

A
  • fenestrated endothelium
  • lamina rara
  • lamina densa
  • lamina rara
  • diaphragm between pedicles of podocytes
20
Q

what is the longest segment of the nephron?

A

PCT

21
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the PCT?

A

low simple columnar (cuboidal) epithelium

22
Q

which part of the nephron has microvilli?

A

PCT

23
Q

what organelles are abundant in the PCT?

A

mitochondria

24
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the descending loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal transitioning to simple squamous

25
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the ascending loop of henle?

A

simple squamous

26
Q

in which part of the nephron is the countercurrent multiplier located?

A

ascending loop

27
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the distal convoluted tubule?

A

simple low columnar (cuboidal)

28
Q

where are the intercalated cells?

A

DCT

29
Q

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? what does it consist of?

A
  • regulatory unit that continuously adjusts the amount of renin being released from JG cells
  • macula densa
  • JG cells
  • lacis cells of extraglomerular mesangium
30
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the collecting tubules and ducts?

A

simple cuboidal

31
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the minor calyces, major calyces, and renal pelvis?

A

transitional

32
Q

on radiograph / CT, where do the ureters sit?

A

on top of the psoas major

33
Q

what is the motor innervation to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder?

A

parasympathetic

34
Q

how does parasympathetic innervation affect the internal urethral sphincter? sympathetic?

A
  • parasympathetic: relaxation

- sympathetic: constriction

35
Q

what are the sympathetic fibers within the renal nerve plexus?

A

thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnics

36
Q

what are the parasympathetic nerves associated with the urinary system?

A
  • vagus

- pelvic splanchnics

37
Q

visceral afferent fibers conveying pain sensation follow which type of fibers (sympathetic / parasympathetic)?

which DRGs do they go to?

A
  • sympathetic

- T10 - L2

38
Q

where does referred pain from the urinary system go?

A
  • ipsilateral lower quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall
  • groin (especially)
39
Q

which part of the male urethra is the thinnest?

A

membranous

40
Q

what are the somatic muscles involved in the femal micturition reflex?

A
  • deep transverse perineal muscle
  • sphincter urethrae
  • compressor urethrae
  • urethrovaginalis
  • pudendal
41
Q

what muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) + coccygeus

Year 2 Renal (38 decks)

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