Renal Outflow Disease

Question 1

what are renal outflow diseases?

Answer 1

• urinary tract infections
• urinary tract obstruction
• urinary tract malignancy

Question 2

what are examples that may cause urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 2

• renal stones
• tumours
• prostatic hypertrophy

Question 3

considering urine is sterile, what does the detection of bacteria within the urine imply?

Answer 3

there is infection present

Question 4

what are some indicative signs within urine that there is infection of the urinary tract system?

Answer 4

• bacteria present
• white cells present
• blood in using

Question 5

what sex is more likely to suffer from a urinary tract infection and why?

Answer 5

women

- anatomically their urethra is shorter than in men

Question 6

what bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Answer 6

E. coli

Question 7

what is bladder inflammation known as?

Answer 7

cystitis

Question 8

what are some predisposing factors that can make a person more likely to suffer from a UTI?

Answer 8

• poor bladder emptying

- low urinary flow rates

Question 9

what are the symptoms of a UTI?

Answer 9

• dysuria
• urinary frequency
• cloudy urine
• offensive smelling urine
• supra-pubic pain

Question 10

if a person becomes infected with a UTI, what can this lead to?

Answer 10

• cystitis
• renal infection
• prostate infection

Question 11

what are the treatment options for a patient suffering from a UTI?

Answer 11

• increase fluid intake
• frequent micturation
• antibiotics may be required

Question 12

what conditions may cause obstruction of the urinary tract?

Answer 12

• renal calculi
• prostatic disease
• urinary tract strictures
• external compression

Question 13

what is prostatitis?

Answer 13

inflammation of the prostate

Question 14

what is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 14

hyperplasia of the prostate

Question 15

what cancer commonly occurs in the prostate?

Answer 15

adenocarcinoma

Question 16

what are some symptoms of urine outflow obstruction?

Answer 16

• slow stream
• hesitancy
• frequency
• urgency
• nocturia
• incomplete voiding

Question 17

what are the initial treatment options of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 17

drug based:

• alpha blocking drugs
• anticholinergic
• diuretics

Question 18

if medical treatments dont work for benign prostatic hypertrophy, what are the surgical options?

Answer 18

• TURP (transurethral prostatectomy)
• robot-assisted prostatectomy (RALP)
• open prostatectomy

Question 19

what does the PSA blood test look for?

Answer 19

• prostate specific antigen

Question 20

what are the options of screening of prostate cancer?

Answer 20

• PSA blood test (not always diagnostic)

- mpMRI*** best

Question 21

what are the treatment options for a patient suffering with prostate malignancy?

Answer 21

• radical prostatectomy
• radiotherapy
• hormone treatment

Question 22

what hormones may be given to a patient suffering from prostate malignancy? what do these do?

Answer 22

• anti-androgens
• LHRH analogues
• • block hormone dependent tumour growth

Question 23

how are renal calculi treated?

Answer 23

with LITHOTRYPSY