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BDS2 PHYSIOLOGY BAMS > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

what is anaemia?

A

a reduction in haemoglobin in the blood (below normal for the population)

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2
Q

does anaemia mean a reduction in red blood cells?

A

not necessarily

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3
Q

what are the 3 causes of anaemia?

A
  • reduced production
  • increased losses
  • increased demand
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4
Q

what is meant by marrow failure?

A

marrow is not able to make RBCs that package haemoglobin

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5
Q

what are haematinics?

A

things used to make RBCs

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6
Q

give examples of haematinics?

A
  • iron
  • folate
  • vit B12
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7
Q

what are some sources of iron?

A
  • meat
  • green leafy vegetables
  • iron tablets
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8
Q

how is haem iron dissolved?

A

dissolved specifically through a transporter system direct in the intestinal wall

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9
Q

how does NON-HAEM IRON differ from HAEM IRON?

A

• non-haem must be converted from Fe3+ to Fe2+ before being absorbed

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10
Q

what is iron stored as inside the cell?

A

FERRITIN

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11
Q

what iron is easier to deal with?

A

haem iron?

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12
Q

what are some diseases that reduce iron absorption?

A
  • achlorhydria

* coeliac disease

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13
Q

what is achlorhydria?

A
  • lack of stomach acid
  • so no conversion of non-haem iron
  • may be drug induced
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14
Q

what drugs can cause achlorhydria?

A

proton pump inhibitors

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15
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

a disease that affects intestinal villi so absorption is affected

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16
Q

what can iron loss be caused by?

A
  • gastric errors and ulcers
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • bowel cancer
  • haemorrhoids
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17
Q

why does inflammatory bowel disease and bowel cancer cause iron loss?

A

both cause GI tract bleeding

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18
Q

how is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A
  • intrinsic factor is secreted by gastric parietal cells
  • intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 (taken in through diet)
  • absorbed in the intestine
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19
Q

where specifically is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

the ILEUM

20
Q

what organ stores a lot of vitamin B12?

A

the liver

21
Q

how can vitamin B12 deficiencies occur?

A
  • lack of intake
  • lack of intrinsic factor
  • disease of terminal ileum
22
Q

what autoimmune disease causes a lack of intrinsic factor?

A

pernicious anaemia

23
Q

what foods are rich in vitamin B12?

A
  • meat
  • dairy
  • eggs
24
Q

what foods are rich in folate?

A

leafy green vegetables

25
Q

how can folic acid deficiencies occur?

A
  • lack of intake

* absorption failure

26
Q

what can folic acid deficiency result in in pregnancy?

A

neural tube defect in foetus

27
Q

what diseases cause abnormal globin chains?

A
  • thalassaemia

* sickle cell

28
Q

describe the haem production of thalassaemia:

A

normal haem production

29
Q

what are some clinical effects of thalassaemia?

A
  • chronic anaemia
  • marrow hyperplasia
  • splenomegaly
  • cirrhosis
  • gallstones
30
Q

what is marrow hyperplasia?

A

bones expand producing skeletal abnormalities (normally seen in skull)

31
Q

how can thalassaemia be managed?

A
  • blood transfusions

* prevent iron overload

32
Q

describe RBCs in a patient with sickle cell anaemia?

A

RBCs have curled up edges & are no longer able to squeeze through capillaries

33
Q

what is a microcytic cell?

A

small RBC

34
Q

what is a macrocytic cell?

A

large RBC

35
Q

what do large RBCs normally indicate ?

A

immature red blood cells are large

36
Q

what is a hypochromic cell?

A

RBCs are pale/lack colour due to less haemoglobin

37
Q

what is meant by ansiocytic cells?

A

red cell size range is very large (very big cells & very small cells)

38
Q

what is a red blood cell that is ALMOST mature?

A

reticulocytes

39
Q

what are some signs of anaemia?

A
  • pale
  • tachycardia
  • enlarged liver (rare)
  • enlarged spleen (rare)
40
Q

what are the symptoms of anaemia?

A
  • tired & weak
  • dizzy
  • shortness of breath
  • palpitations
41
Q

what are some physical traits of anaemia?

A
  • pale mucosa
  • smooth tongue
  • beefy tongue
42
Q

how could you investigate a potential anaemia?

A
  • check history of patient
  • full blood count
  • check for GI blood loss
  • bone marrow examination
43
Q

what are the treatments for anaemia?

A
  • replace haematinics
  • transfusions
  • provide erythropoietin
44
Q

how are haematinics replaced?

A
  • 1mg IM vitamin B12 every 2 months

* 5mg folic acid daily

45
Q

what are the dental implications of anaemia?

A
  • lower O2 capacity related to general anaesthesia
  • mucosal atrophy
  • candidiasis
  • recurrent oral ulceration
  • sensory changes

BDS2 PHYSIOLOGY BAMS (39 decks)

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