Gastrointestinal Disease

Question 1

what medications are commonly used in upper GI disease?

Answer 1

• antacids
• H2 receptor blockers
• proton pump inhibitors

Question 2

what GI diseases can cause malabsorption?

Answer 2

• pernicious anaemia (vit B12)
• coeliac disease (autoimmune, gluten)
• crohn’s disease

Question 3

what GI diseases can affect the large bowel?

Answer 3

• inflammatory bowel diseases
  
  • crohn’s disease
  • ulcerative colitis

Question 4

2 action of antacids?

Answer 4

• neutralizing excess hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice
• inhibit the proteolytic enzyme pepsin

Question 5

how is stomach acid produced?

Answer 5

parietal cells in the stomach wall are triggered to produce acid

Question 6

what are the three main triggers for parietal cell?

Answer 6

• acetylcholine
• gastrin
• histamine

Question 7

what is the function of H2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 7

reduce acid production

Question 8

how do H2 receptor antagonists work?

Answer 8

preventing histamine activation of acid production

Question 9

what common H2 receptor antagonist is commonly used?

Answer 9

Ranitidine

Question 10

what ending does proton pump inhibitor medication normally have?

Answer 10

‘prazole’

Question 11

what are examples of proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 11

• omeprazole
• lansoprazole
• pantoprazole

Question 12

what is meant by dysphagia?

Answer 12

difficulty with swallowing

Question 13

what occurs during fibrosis of the oesophagus?

Answer 13

• loss of muscle tissue of the oesophagus

Question 14

what is scleroderma?

Answer 14

• elastic tissue in the oesophagus is replaced with fibrous tissue

Question 15

what is acid related fibrosis in oesophagus also known as?

Answer 15

GORD

Question 16

what occurs in a patient with GORD?

Answer 16

acid reflux causes irritation and eventual loss of muscle and elastic tissue in the oesophagus, which is then replaced by fibrous tissue

Question 17

what neuromuscular disorders can affect the oesophagus?

Answer 17

• Parkinson’s disease
• diabetes mellitus
• achalasia

Question 18

what is achalasia?

Answer 18

• condition in which the nerve supply to the oesophagus doesnt form properly

Question 19

what are the 3 main causes of GORD?

Answer 19

• defective lower oesophageal sphincter
• impaired lower clearing (oesophagus not emptying)
• impaired gastric emptying (stomach stays too full)

Question 20

what are signs and symptoms of GORD?

Answer 20

• epigastic burning (worse lying down, bending, pregnancy)
• dysphagia
• GI bleeding
• severe pain !

Question 21

what can GORD lead to?

Answer 21

• ulceration and inflammation of oesophagus

- metaplasia

Question 22

what is metaplasia of the oesophagus called?

Answer 22

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Question 23

what is Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 23

precancerous!!!!!!!!

Question 24

what is the condition called when part of the stomach is in the THORAX?

Answer 24

hiatus hernia

Question 25

what are symptoms of a Hiatus Hernia similar to?

Answer 25

symptoms similar to GORD

Question 26

how is GORD managed?

Answer 26

• smoking cessation
• weight loss
• antacids
• H2 receptor blockers and PPI’s
• increase GI motility and gastric emptying