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Digestion and Renal Sciences > Renal failure > Flashcards

Renal failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two causes of kidney failure?

A

Chronic kidney disease

Acute kidney injury

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2
Q

What is chronic kidney disease?

A

Slow progressive and irreversible

Commonly due to diabetes mellitus or hypertension

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3
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A

Rapid onset (hours to days)
Systemic illness and medication
Reversible with treatment

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4
Q

How is kidney function measured?

A

Serum creatinine

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

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5
Q

What are the three stages of acute kidney injury?

A

Stage 1: 50-100% increase in creatinine
Stage 2: 100-200% increase
Stage 3: over 200% increase

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6
Q

Who suffers from chronic kidney disease?

A 
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
NSAIDs 
Elderly
Genetic
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7
Q

What are risk factors for chronic kidney disease?

A 
Increased age
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Poor education
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8
Q

Who develops acute kidney injury?

A 
Older people
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Heart disease
Liver disease
Chronic kidney disease
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9
Q

What are the complications of loss of kidney function?

A 
Anaemia
Hypertension
Disturbed calcium/phosphate homeostasis
Cardiovascular disease
Bone disease
Immune suppression
Bleeding tendency
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10
Q

What happens if salt and water homeostasis fails?

A

Inability to concentrate urine
Inability to excrete water leading to oedema
Sodium retention leading to hypertension and CNS dysfunction

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11
Q

What happens if potassium homeostasis fails?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Alterations in membrane excitability
Cardiac arryhthmia

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12
Q

What if acid base homeostasis fails?

A

Systemic acidosis
Dyspnoea
Enzyme function failure
Reduced cardiac function

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by the kidneys?

A

Vitamin D
Erythropoietin
Renin

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14
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin D not being produced?

A 
Hypocalcaemia
Muscle spasm
Cardiac rhythm problems
Hyperparathyroidism
Bone fragility
Soft tissue calcification
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15
Q

What happens if erythropoietin is not made?

A 
Anaemia
Reduced exercise capacity
Impaired cognition
Transfusion requirement
Iron overload
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16
Q

What happens if metabolic waste products aren’t excreted?

A 
Accumulation of toxic waste products
Retention of nitrogenous waste
Percarditis
Gout (retention of urate)
Cardiovascular disease (retention of phosphate)
17
Q

Which drugs will not be metabolised if renal failure occurs?

A 
Insulin
Opiates
Antibiotics
Sedatives
Digoxin
18
Q

When is renal replacement therapy used?

A

Chronic kidney disease stage 5

Acute kidney disease stage 3

19
Q

What is renal replacement therapy?

A

Dialysis
Transplantation
Conservative care

20
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Extracorporeal therapy where fluid and solutes are removed or added to the patients blood
Not as good as own kidneys

21
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Peritoneum is filled and then drained
Needs a permanent peritoneal catheter
Lasts 8-10 years
Risk of peritonitis

22
Q

What are the two types of dialysis?

A

Haemodialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

23
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A

4 hours three times per week

Lasts indefinitely

24
Q

Why have a kidney transplant?

A

Better life expectancy
Better quality of life
Replaces all renal function

25
Q

Describe a kidney transplant

A

Usually in iliac fossa
Outside peritoneum
Iliac vessels
Native kidneys left in situ

26
Q

Where do kidneys come from?

A

Cadaveric donor

Living donor

27
Q

What is required for a successful kidney transplantation?

A

Matching blood and tissue type

Immunosuppressants

Digestion and Renal Sciences (27 decks)

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