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Digestion and Renal Sciences > Function of the liver and hepatobiliary system > Flashcards

Function of the liver and hepatobiliary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the liver share a blood supply with?

A

The intestines

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2
Q

What proportion of your body weight is the liver?

A

1/50th

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3
Q

How many lobes is the liver made of?

A

2 lobes

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4
Q

What divides the two lobes of the liver?

A

The falciform ligament

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5
Q

What size are the two lobes in relation to each other?

A

1/3 left lobe

2/3s right lobe

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6
Q

How is the liver held in place?

A

Interabdominal pressure

Peritoneum

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7
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Right upper quadrant

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8
Q

What is the hylum?

A

Where blood enters and leaves the liver

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9
Q

What two further lobes are visible from the back of the liver?

A

Caudate lobe

Quadrate lobe

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10
Q

What variations in gross liver anatomy could be caused by genetic variations?

A

Hereditary anatomical displacement
Accessory lobes
Clefts

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11
Q

What variations in gross liver anatomy could come about from internal factors?

A

Portal thrombosis
Cardiac cirrhosis
Fibrosis
Atrophy

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12
Q

What variations in gross liver anatomy could come about from external factors?

A

Impression effects

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13
Q

Where does hepatic bile drain?

A

Directly into the duodenum

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14
Q

What is the common hepatic duct?

A

The duct which transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder

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15
Q

What is the common bile duct?

A

The duct which transports bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum

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16
Q

How many segments can the liver be divided into?

A

8 sections

Independent blood supply and bile drainage

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17
Q

What is the name given to the 8 sections of the liver?

A

Lobule

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18
Q

What are lobules composed of?

A

Hepatocytes
Sinusoidal channels
Blood vessels
Bile canalicul

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19
Q

What can the liver do that no other organ can?

A

Regenerate its own mass

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20
Q

Why are colon tumours commonly metastasised in the liver?

A

Shared blood supply

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21
Q

What two vessels supply the liver?

A

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

22
Q

What percentage of the blood supply comes from the portal vein?

A

75%

23
Q

What percentage of blood supply comes from the hepatic artery?

A

25%

24
Q

How does blood drain from the liver?

A

Via hepatic vein

25
Q

What surrounds the outside of the liver?

A

The capsule

26
Q

Name four places connective tissue is found in the liver

A

Capsule
Perivascular
Portal tract
Reticular network

27
Q

Name four extracellular matrix molecules found inside the liver

A

Collagens
Stellate cells
Glycoproteins
Integrins

28
Q

What two roles does the ECM play

A

Structure

Communication

29
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A functional unit centred on a branch of the blood input

30
Q

What is a lobule?

A

A functional unit centred on the blood drainage

31
Q

What might disrupt lobular architecture?

A

Fibrosis

Cirrhosis

32
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A 
60-65% of liver cells
80% of liver volume
100 billion cells
Polarised polyhedral epithelial cells
20-30micro metres
Low mitotic index
Main functional cell
33
Q

What is between two hepatocytes?

A

Bile canaliculi

34
Q

Name 5 functions of the hepatocyte

A 
Protein secretion
Bile secretion
Storage
Metabolism
Detoxification
35
Q

What is biliary epithelium?

A

1-3% of liver tissue
Form collecting vessels
Polarised columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells
Dense basement membrane

36
Q

What are the roles of biliary epithelium?

A

Transport

Secretion

37
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Squamous epithelial cells
Barrier at the blood stream to stop entry of bacteria and viruses
Selective uptake of solutes and particles
Regulate coagulation
Regulate leukocyte traffic

38
Q

What are the four endothelium of the liver?

A

Arterial
Venous
Lymphatic
Sinusoidal

39
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A 
Hepatic macrophages located within sinusoids
80% of all macrophages in the body
Phagocytosis
Produce cytokines
Present antigens
Regulate microcirculation
Remove endotoxins
40
Q

What are stellate cells?

A 
15% of non hepatocyte cells in the liver
Star shaped
Store retinoids
Regulate vascular diameter
Responsible for fibrosis
41
Q

What digestive functions does the liver have?

A

Carbohydrate and fat metabolism

Storage of vitamins and minerals

42
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesised?

A

In the liver

43
Q

How much bile is made a day?

A

0.5L

44
Q

How much bile can the gall bladder hold?

A

100ml

45
Q

What stages turn heme into bilirubin inside the macrophages?

A

Heme to biliverdin
Using heme oxygenase
Biliverdin to bilirubin
Using biliverdin reductase

46
Q

What colour is biliverdin?

A

Green

47
Q

What colour is bilirubin?

A

Orange

48
Q

What is the immune function of the liver?

A

Protection against pathogens arriving in the blood
Phagocytosis of old or dying cells
Innate immune functions
Induction of tolerance

49
Q

What is the detoxification of the liver?

A

Foreign compounds are broken down into water soluble products, bile and urine

50
Q

What is phase 1 and 2 metabolism?

A

1: Oxidation
2: Conjugations

51
Q

What enzymes are used in liver detoxification?

A

CYPs

52
Q

What are the synthetic functions of the liver?

A 
Production of useful proteins
Albumin
Fibronectin (coagulation)
Plasminogen
Transferrin
Hepcidin
Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Digestion and Renal Sciences (27 decks)

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