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Digestion and Renal Sciences > Origin of waste products > Flashcards

Origin of waste products Flashcards

1
Q

What does ureotelic mean?

A

Excrete excess protein-derived nitrogen as urea

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2
Q

What are the four stages to urea biosynthesis?

A

Transamination
Oxidative deamination
Ammonia transport
Urea cycle

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3
Q

What happens in transamination?

A

Amino acids are converted to glutamate

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4
Q

What happens in oxidative deamination?

A

Oxidative deamination occurs by glutamate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

What happens in ammonia transport?

A

Catalysed conversion to non-toxic glutamine for transport

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6
Q

What catalyses the conversion of ammonia to glutamine?

A

Glutamine synthase

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7
Q

How do amino groups travel from the muscle to the liver?

A

Via the glucose-alanine cycle

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8
Q

What is the amino carrier?

A

Alanine

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9
Q

What removes an amino group from alanine?

A

Alanine transaminase

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10
Q

What does alanine regenerate?

A

Glutamate

Gluconeogenic pyruvate

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11
Q

Describe how ammonia is converted to urea

A

ATP-dependent process

Requiring 5 enzymatic reactions

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12
Q

Describe urea

A

End product of nitrogen metabolism
Non-toxic
Uncharged, water soluble
Filtered and excreted by the kidneys

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13
Q

What factors increase urea excretion?

A

Excess protein intake
Protein energy malnutrition
Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
Infections, burns, wasting disease

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14
Q

What factors decrease urea excretion?

A 
Low protein diet
Severe liver disease
Glomerular nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Poor renal blood supply
Renal obstruction
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15
Q

Where does uric acid come from?

A

Nucleic acid degradation yields purine and pyramidine bases

Purines breakdown enzymatically to uric acid

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16
Q

What would cause increased creatinine clearance?

A

Excessive meat diet

17
Q

What would decrease creatinine clearance?

A

Wasting disease
Malnutrition
Poor renal function

18
Q

What is urobilin?

A

Converted from urinary urobilinogen

19
Q

What hormones would be seen in urine?

A

Hormonal end products
Deactivation of hormones
This makes them more polar and soluble

20
Q

What are the advantages of urine testing?

A

Non-invasive diagnosis
Easily obtained
Normal composition known

21
Q

What is red urine a sign of?

A

Blood

22
Q

What is pseudohematuria?

A

Free Hb in the blood, myoglobin, porphyrins, drugs

23
Q

What is red/brown urine?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

24
Q

What is black urine?

A

Melanin

25
Q

How would bacteria be detected in a urine sample?

A

Dipstick test for nitrite

26
Q

What would white cells in the urine be evidence of?

A

Kidney infection

27
Q

What would red cells in the urine be evidence of?

A

Damage

28
Q

What diseases would cause acidic urine?

A

Uncontrolled diabetes
Starvation
Respiratory disorders

29
Q

What diet would cause acidic urine?

A

Too much meat

30
Q

What stones would be at risk of forming with acidic urine?

A

Uric acid

Cystine

31
Q

What diseases would cause alkaline urine?

A

Urinary tract obstructions

Respiratory disorders

32
Q

What diet would cause alkaline urine?

A

Citrus fruit

Vegetables

33
Q

What stones are at risk of forming with alkaline urine?

A

CaPO4
MgPO4
CaCO3

34
Q

Abnormal solute excretion is due to what two things?

A

Pre-renal

Renal

35
Q

What things are excreted in small quantities?

A

Sugars

36
Q

What would amino acids in the urine indicate?

A

Generalised tubular damage
Transporter defects
Raised plasma amino acid levels

37
Q

What is the definition of proteinuria?

A

Over 200mg of protein excreted in 24 hours

38
Q

What are the mechanisms of proteinuria?

A

Overflow
Glomerular
Tubular
Secreted

Digestion and Renal Sciences (27 decks)

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