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Digestion and Renal Sciences > Metabolic Fate of Nutrients > Flashcards

Metabolic Fate of Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

To develop and maintain a state of health

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2
Q

How many diseases are due to diet?

A

4 out of top 10

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3
Q

What diseases are caused by diet?

A

Heart disease
Some cancers
Stroke
Type 2 diabetes

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4
Q

What is food?

A

Substance when eaten, digested and absorbed provides at least 1 nurtrient

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5
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Substance which is digested and absorbed to promote bodily function

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6
Q

What are the three categories of nutrient?

A

Macromolecules
Micromolecules
Water

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7
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are micromolecules?

A

Minerals

Vitamins

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9
Q

What is energy released from food used for?

A 
Muscle activity
Secretion by glands
Maintenance of membrane potentials
Synthesis of molecules
Absorption of foods from GIT
Cell division
Thermoregulation
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10
Q

What are the three main processes that require energy?

A

Basal metabolic rate
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity
(other)

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Number of calories needed at rest for normal bodily function
50-70% daily calories needed

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12
Q

What is the thermic effect of food?

A

Energy required for the digestion and absorption of food

5-10% of energy expenditure

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13
Q

What is physical activity

A

Variable %

Movement of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What are other factors that might require energy?

A 
Temperature changes
Pregnancy
Lactation
Growth 
Age
Health
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15
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Loss of muscle mass with aging

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16
Q

What is a typical western diet?

A

10% protein
40% carbohydrate
40% fat

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17
Q

What are the acceptable ranges for macronutrients?

A

10-15% protein
55-75% carbohydrate
15-30% fat

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18
Q

What is the calorie content of glucose?

A

4kcal/g

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19
Q

Why is glucose the preferential source of energy?

A

Readily available primary source of energy for CNS and red blood cells but also used by other tissues

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20
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

As glycogen

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21
Q

How is glycogen produced?

A

Glycogenesis

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22
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver

Muscle

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23
Q

How is glycogen utilised?

A

Glycogenolysis

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24
Q

Where is glucose released from muscle stores of glycogen used?

A

In that muscle

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25
Q

Where is glucose released from liver stores of glycogen used?

A

All around the body

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26
Q

How much ATP can be derived from one mole of glucose?

A

36

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27
Q

What is the calorie content of fat?

A

9kcal/g

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28
Q

What does not use fat?

A

The central nervous system

Red blood cells

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29
Q

What do fats require to be metabolised?

A

Large amounts of oxygen

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30
Q

Are fats soluble in water?

A

No

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31
Q

What are fats used for?

A 
Incorporation in body structures
Protection of organs
Insulation
Satiety
Fat soluble vitamins
Energy tissue
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32
Q

How much ATP can be extracted from 1 mole of palmitic acid?

A

130

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33
Q

What is the calorie content of protein?

A

4kcal/g

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34
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Broken down into amino acids
Manufacture new proteins
Build new tissue
Oxidised to produce energy, urea formed is excreted by kidney

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35
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Balance = N intake - N excreted

36
Q

What is the nitrogen balance in adults?

A

Equilibrium

37
Q

What does a positive nitrogen balance suggest?

A

Pregnancy
Growth
Recovery

38
Q

What does a negative nitrogen balance suggest?

A 
Starvation
Trauma
Infection
Sepsis
Tissue destruction
39
Q

What is dietary fibre?

A

Non-starch polysaccharides

40
Q

What are the two types of dietary fibre?

A

Soluble

Insoluble

41
Q

What is insoluble dietary fibre?

A

Cellulose
Wheat
Leafy vegetables
Pulses

42
Q

What is the role of insoluble dietary fibre?

A

Provides bulk to the gut to prevent constipation

Reduces dumping syndrome by slowing gastric emptying and retarding glucose absorption

43
Q

What is soluble dietary fibre?

A

Pectins
Plant gums
Mucilage

44
Q

What is the role of soluble dietary fibre?

A

Absorbs water in intestine to soften stool
Lowers cholesterol
Reduces bowel cancer risk as binds to carcinogens and toxins and fermentation decreases cell proliferation

45
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B complexes

C

46
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A
D
E
K

47
Q

What is the role of water soluble vitamins?

A

Enzyme cofactors
Protein synthesis
Antioxidant

48
Q

What is the role of fat soluble vitamins?

A 
Development
Immune system
Vision
Antioxidant
Immune function
Calcium metabolism
Blood clotting
49
Q

Which vitamins can be stored?

A

Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored and need regular intake
Fat soluble vitamins are stored in liver and adipose tissue

50
Q

Which minerals are needed for body health?

A 
Fe
Ca
Mg
Mn
Na
K
Zn
51
Q

What is rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency
Poor mineralisation of bone
Deformation of load-bearing bones

52
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Chronic deficiency of vitamin C
Destruction of collagen
Damage to myelin
Leads to paralysis/death

53
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A 
Vitamin 12 deficiency
Decreased red blood cell count
Megaloblasts (large immature red blood cells)
Leads to death if not treated
Caused by gastrectomy or PPI inhibitors
54
Q

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
Low haemoglobin
Reduced amount of red blood cells
Paler red blood cells
Leads to fatigue, paler, shortness of breath
Treated with iron supplements
55
Q

Why is water essential?

A 
Prevent dehydration
Solvent for most materials
Important for metabolism and excretion
Thermoregulation
Osmoregulation
56
Q

What is the equation for regulation of body mass?

A

Energy intake = energy expended + energy stored

Energy balance = intake - expenditure

57
Q

What is the definition of appetite?

A

Desire to eat food
Felt as hunger
Regulates adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs

58
Q

What is the definition of satiety?

A

Absence of hunger

59
Q

What regulates hunger and satiety?

A

Brain

60
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for hunger and satiety?

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

What is the hunger centre?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

62
Q

What is the satiety centre?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

63
Q

Explain the glucostatic control of hunger

A

Decrease in glucose = hungry

Increase in glucose = satiety

64
Q

Explain the adipostatic control of hunger

A

Increase in fat stored = satiety

65
Q

Which neurotransmitters affect the hypothalamus?

A

Serotonine

Dopamine

66
Q

What is loss of appetite?

A

Anorexia

67
Q

What are the physiological causes of anorexia?

A 
Anaemia
Cancer
Intestinal disorders/parasites
Liver disorders
Malabsorption syndrome
Mouth disorders
Loss of taste
68
Q

What are the psychological causes of anorexia?

A

Depression
Stress
Anxiety

69
Q

What are environmental causes of anorexia?

A

Altitude

Acute cold

70
Q

How is 97% of energy stored?

A

Adipose tissue

71
Q

What is an advantage of carbohydrates as a fuel source?

A

More ATP can be generated per unit time

72
Q

Metabolism is a balance of what?

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

73
Q

What decreases fat metabolism?

A

Insulin

74
Q

What increases fat metabolism?

A

Glucagon
Adrenaline
Glucocorticoids

75
Q

What are innate causes of obesity?

A 
Monogenic mutation (leptin)
Prader-Willi syndrome
76
Q

What are acquired causes of obesity?

A 
Overeating
Inactivity
Aging
Stress
Drugs
77
Q

What are physiological consequences of obesity?

A 
Stroke
Hypertension
Joint damage
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Fertility problems
78
Q

Compare glucose to fructose

A

Fructose is sweeter than glucose
Fructose is more readily converted to triglycerides
Fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion
Food intake remains high

79
Q

How does insulin affect appetite?

A

Insulin triggers leptin release which lowers hunger

80
Q

How is obesity treated with drugs?

A

Sibutramine suppresses appetite
Block endocannabinoid system
Orlistat inhibits pancreatic lipase

81
Q

How is obesity treated with lifestyle changes?

A

Exercise

Calorie restricted diet

82
Q

How is obesity treated surgically?

A

Gastric band

Gastric balloon

83
Q

What is starvation marked by?

A

Liver synthesis of glucose and ketone bodies
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis

84
Q

What is the purpose of starvation mechanisms?

A

To preserve plasma glucose to maintain brain and spinal cord

85
Q

How quickly is blood glucose and stored glycogen exhausted?

A

24 hours

Digestion and Renal Sciences (27 decks)

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