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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system (4)

A
  • paired kidneys
  • paired ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the kidney?

A
  • filter blood plasma
  • regulates osmolarity of body fluids, BV, BP
  • secretes renin and erthyropoietin
  • detoxifies
  • gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

The kidney filters the blood plasma by?

A

eliminating waste

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4
Q

What are the nitrogenous wastes removed by the kidney? (3)

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
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5
Q

How is urea produced?

A

proteins->amino acids-> NH2 removed->to form ammonia

liver converts to urea

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6
Q

uric acid is a ____ catabolism while creatinine is a ______ catabolism

A

nucleic acid; creatinine phosphate

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7
Q

when fluids leave the cardiovascular system, they go to?

A

kidneys

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8
Q

creatinine phosphate is an energy source stored in the?

A

muscle

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9
Q

uremia

A

toxic effects as wastes accumulate

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10
Q

What are the 4 systems used to excrete waste from body fluids?

A
  • respiratory
  • integumentary
  • digestive
  • urinary
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11
Q

kidneys are positioned ______; which means?

A

retroperitoneal; behind the lining of the abdominal wall

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12
Q

covering of the kidneys:renal fascia? adipose capsule?renal capsule?

A

renal: binds to the abdominal wall
adipose: cushions the kidney
renal: encloses kidney like cellophane wrap

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13
Q

what are the parts of the renal nephron? (3)

A
  • corpuscle
  • tubule
  • collecting system
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14
Q

the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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15
Q

the renal corpuscle contains?

A
  • glomerulus

- bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

the portal system in the renal corpuscle contains?

A

vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

What are the supporting cells of the renal corpuscle?

A

mesangila cells

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18
Q

Which arteriole is biggest?

A

afferent

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19
Q

What are the layers of bowman’s capsule? (3)

A

visceral
parietal
capsular

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20
Q

the renal tubule contains? (3)

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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21
Q

which convoluted tubule passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

DCT

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22
Q

The PCT and DCT is the site of? (2)

A

reabsorption

secretion

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23
Q

PCT reabsorbs (4)

A
  • nutrients
  • ions
  • volume
  • escaped plasma proteins
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24
Q

what is the purpose of the loop of henle?

A

to concentrate urine

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25
Q

DCT secretes? (2) reabsorbs? (2)

A

acid, drugs, toxins
K (selectively)

Na and Ca
water

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the papillary duct, calyx, and pelvis?

A

to direct urine towards the bladder

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27
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus contains? (2)

A

distal tubule

afferent and efferent arterioles

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28
Q

what type of cells are in the juxtaglomerulus apparatus? (2)

A

juxtaglomerulus cells in the afferent arterioles

macula densa in the DCT

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29
Q

what is the function of the juxtaglomerulus cells?

A

to release renin and erythopoietin

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30
Q

what is the function of the macula densa cells of DCT?

A

chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changing sodium levels of the filtrate

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31
Q

macula densa:

a _____ in the osmolarity (sodium) triggers a release in renin, which then releases ___

A

decrease; aldosterone

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32
Q

what are the 2 types of the nephrons?

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

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33
Q

cortical nephrons represent ____ percent of nephrons and have ____ loop of henle

A

85%; short

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34
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons have ____ loop of henle and the corpuscle is located at ______ junction

A

long; cortex-medulla

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35
Q

what processes are required for urine formations? (3)

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • secretion
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36
Q

the kidneys are ___ percent of body weight, but use about ____ percent of oxygen at rest

A

1% and 20-25%

37
Q

why is urine produced?

A

to maintain blood volume and composition

38
Q

In glomerular filtration, there are filtration slits between ______. What type of basement membrane does it have?

A

podocytes (cells that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus); lamina densa

39
Q

the filtration membrane determines what stays and what can go. the basement membrane has the smallest _____. what determines the cutoff?

A

cutoff. plasma minus protein

40
Q

glomerular filtration rate? how much is it?

A

total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidney; 125mL per minute

41
Q

what 2 factors result in high GFR?

A
  • glomerulus is fenestrated capillaries (PERMEABLE)

- blood pressure is 60mmHg (afferent arteriole)

42
Q

GFR is controlled by the same forces that control filtration and reabsorption at the capillary bed? what are they?

A

hydrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure

43
Q

If GFR is elevated?Below?

A
  • can’t absorb sufficient solutes and water

- blood levels of waste increase

44
Q

GFR abnormalities
high GFR->
low GFR->

A

high: urine output rises->dehydration, electrolyte depletion
low: wastes reaborbed

45
Q

regulation of GFR is achieved by adjusting___ _____.How is this achieved? (3)

A

blood pressure

  • autoregulation
  • hormonal regulation
  • sympathetic regulation
46
Q

autoregulation

A

the ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively stable GFR in spite of changes in MAP by changing arteriole diameter

47
Q

if glomerular blood pressure increase, _____

A

afferent arteriole walls stretch and trigger smooth muscle to contract (relax efferent arteriole)

48
Q

if glomerular blood pressure decrease, _______

A

drop the stretch in the afferent arteriole and it relaxes (constrict efferent arteriole)

49
Q

Renin/Angiotensin II system

A

works to increase systemic blood volume and pressure to restore back to normal GFR

50
Q

Renin is released when (3)

A
  • drop in glomerular blood pressure
  • low osmolarity of filtrate of DCT
  • sympathetic activity to the JG apparatus
51
Q

effects of renin at the peripheral capillary bed? (2)

A
  • triggers vasocontriction and increase BP

- release of aldosterone (Na and water reaborption->increase BV and BP)

52
Q

effects of renin at nephron?

A

constricts the efferent arterioles

53
Q

effects at CNS?

A

-triggers release of ADH (antiduretic hormone; increase water reaborption)

54
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide hormone is released to

A

lower blood volume and thus pressure

55
Q

what are the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide hormone? (3)

A
  • triggers dilation of afferent arteriole
  • blocks affects of ADH
  • elevated GFR->increase urine flow and lower BV and BP
56
Q

Which type of regulation overrides all other forms of GFR regulation?

A

sympathetic

57
Q

during low sympathetic activity?

A

release renin to increase GFR

58
Q

during moderate sympathetic activity? (3)

A
  • drop in urine production due to vasocontriction
  • offset by autoregulation and hormonal regulation
  • GFR is maintained
59
Q

during high sympathetic activity? (3)

A
  • NOT offset by autoregulation or hormonal regulation
  • urine production approaches zero
  • large drop in GFR
60
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate, and returns it back to the blood

61
Q

tubular secretion

A

removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to the filtrate

62
Q

what gets reabsorbed back into the blood 100% during tubular reaborption?

A

glucose and amino acids

63
Q

how is material returned to the peritubular capillaries?

A

diffusion and osmosis

64
Q

why is movement into the peritubular capillaries easy? (3)

A
  • high colloid osmotic pressure
  • low blood pressure (narrow efferent arterioles)
  • slow flow rate
65
Q

PCT (2)

A
  • reabsorbs a greater variety of chemical than other parts of the nephron
  • reabsorbs 65-70% of filtrate to peritubular capillaries
66
Q

transcellular route

A

through epithelial cells of PCT

67
Q

paracellular route

A

between epithelial cells of PCT

68
Q

during tubular reabsorption, the PCT reabsorbs what? (7)

A
  • sodium (65%)
  • glucose (100%)
  • amino acid (100%)
  • water (65-70%)
  • cations
  • anions
  • nitrogenous wastes
69
Q

tubular reabsorption of sodium?

A

active transport

70
Q

tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acid?

A

Na dependent translocator

71
Q

what is the primary function of the loop of henle?

A

to enable the collecting duct to concentrate the urine an conserve water

72
Q

Loop of Henle: recaptures ____ and returns it to the renal _____

A

NaCl; medulla

73
Q

The descending limb of the loop of henle? (2)

A
  • reabsorbs water but not salt

- tubular fluid is hypertonic

74
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of henle? (3)

A
  • reabsorbs Na+, K+, and Cl-
  • impermeable to water
  • tubular fluid is hypotonic
75
Q

As you ____ from the cortex->medulla, the kidney becomes more….

A

saltier

76
Q

role of the vasa recta?

A
  • countercurrent exchange (descending picks up salts and ascending picks up water)
  • opposite of loop of henle
77
Q

what percentage of original volume is left after tubular reabsoption and secretion at the DCT?

A

10-15%

78
Q

effects of aldosterone at the DCT?

A

-trigger the production and insertion of a sodium channel at basal membrane-> stimulate NaK ATPase

79
Q

effects of calcium at the DCT?

A

-regulated by the parathyroid hormone and calcitriol-> stimulate production of Ca ATPase (1 Ca for 2 acids)

80
Q

reabsorption at the collection system:

  • Na?
  • Water?
  • Urea?
A

Na: aldosterone sensitive areas

water: antidiuretic sensitive area of the nephron
urea: collects at the bottom of the loop

81
Q

tubular secretion from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule:
potassium?
hydrogen ion?

A

K: aldosterone sensitive
hydrogen ion:H+ goes into filtrate and exchange for Na
- aldosterone sensitive

82
Q

normal volume of urine

A

1 to 2L per day of urine

83
Q

polyuria

A

> 2L per day of urine

84
Q

anuria

A

0 to 100 mL per day of urine

85
Q

composition and properties of urine? (3)

A
  • almost colorless
  • acidic (4.5-8.2)
  • odor (urea->ammonia)
86
Q

diabetes mellitus I

A

can’t produce insulin

87
Q

diabetes mellitus II

A
  • have lots of insulin, but body doesn’t recognize it

- adult onset

88
Q

diuretics
effects?
uses?

A
  • urine output is increased, blood volume is decreased

- hypertension and congestive heart failure

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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