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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction (3)

A
  • offspring has 2 parents and receives genetic material from both
  • genetic diversity
  • foundation for survival and evolution
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2
Q

primary sex organs

A

produce gametes

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3
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

develop at puberty

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4
Q

week 5-6 (3)

A
  • develop of fetus is sexually undifferentiated
  • contains 2 ducts
  • undeveloped gonads
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5
Q

what are the 2 ducts?

A
  • Wolffian duct (mesonephric)

- Mullerian duct (parasympathetic)

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6
Q

wolffian duct system

A

-develops in male; degenerates in female

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7
Q

mullerian duct system

A

-develop in female; degenerates in male

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8
Q

chromatids are ________; chromosomes code for the same ____

A

identical; trait

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9
Q

what controls development or degeneration of a duct system?

A

Y chromosome contains the sex determining region (SRY)

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10
Q

SRY gene

A

codes for transcription factor (testis-determining factor)

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11
Q

testis determining factor activates

A

-androgen receptors-> stimulates wolffian duct system

also mullerian inhibiting factor

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12
Q

the mullerian inhibiting factor

A

-blocks the production of aromatase

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13
Q

aromatase

A

Testosterone converted to estradiol

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14
Q

week 8

A

the correct duct system is developed, but the external organs do not match

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15
Q

what does the external genitalia contain (3)

A
  • phallus or genital tubule
  • 2 urogential folds
  • 2 labioscrotal folds
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16
Q

phallus or gential tubule//male? female?

A

male->penis formation

female->clitoris

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17
Q

urogenital folds// male? female?

A

male->urethra

female->labia minor and hymen

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18
Q

labioscrotal folds//male? female?

A

male->scrotum

female->labia majora

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19
Q

week 9

A

begin to show sexual differentiation

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20
Q

week 12

A

distinctly male or female

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21
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (2)

A
  • genetically male

- testosterone secreted, but the androgen receptors are absent

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22
Q

scrotum

A

regulates temperature of the testis

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23
Q

testes begin their development near the _____. and begins in weeks _____

A

kidney; 6-10

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24
Q

gubernaculum (2)

A
  • extends from gonad to abdominopelvic scrotum

- guides testes to scrotum

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25
Q

cremaster muscle

A

pulls testes close to body

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26
Q

dartos muscle

A

wrinkles skin reducing surface area of scrotum

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27
Q

what is responsible for the countercurrent heat exchange needed by the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus

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28
Q

pampiniform plexus (3)

A
  • countercurrent heat exchanger cooles arterial blood entering testis
  • low flow rate
  • low O2 levels
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29
Q

___ divides testes into compartments containing the seminiferous tubules

A

septa

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30
Q

seminferous tubules

A

site of sperm production

31
Q

lineage of sperm production (5)

A

spermatogonia->primary spermatocyte-> secondary spermatocyte->spermatids->sperm

32
Q

sertoli cells (3)

A
  • blood testes barrier
  • produce androgen binding protein
  • nurse cell
33
Q

leydig cells (2)

A
  • between seminiferous tubules

- produce androgen

34
Q

cells that produce androgen (2)

A
  • serotoli

- leydig

35
Q

route sperm uses to exit the penis? (7)

A

seminiferous tubules->rete testis->efferent ductule->epididymis->vas deferens->ejaculartory duct->urethra

36
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

37
Q

accessory glands of the male reproductive system (3)

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • bulbourethral gland
  • prostate gland
38
Q

seminal vesicle (3)

A
  • viscous yellow fluid
  • last fluid added to semen
  • 60% volume of semen
39
Q

prostate gland (2)

A
  • thin milky fluid

- 30% volume of semen

40
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

produces alkaline (basic) secretion before ejaculation

41
Q

semen is mostly composed of ?

A
  • seminal vesicle fluid (60%)
  • sperm (10%)
  • prostatic fluid (30%)
42
Q

other components of sperm (5)

A
  • calcium phosphate ions
  • fructose and citrate
  • seminogelin
  • serine protease
  • prostaglandins
43
Q

what allows the penis to erect? (2)

A
  • corpus sponginosum

- corpus carvernosa

44
Q

viagra blocks the enzyme _____ which break down ____

A

phosphodiesterases (PDE5); cGMP

45
Q

male sexual response (4)

A

excitment->orgasm->resolution->refractory period

46
Q

erection:

when ___, the arterial branches feeding the erectile tissues are ____, which constrict blood flow

A

flaccid; constricted

47
Q

erection:
during sexual arousal ____ nerves trigger the release of ___ ___ which stimulates the production of cGMP in smooth muscle

A

parasympathetic; nitric oxide

48
Q

erection:

cGMP triggers the relaxation of ______ in the arteries and send blood to the erectile tissue

A

smooth muscle

49
Q

erection:

what helps the penis maintain erection

A

filled veins from the tissues

50
Q

excitement:_______:orgasm:_____

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

51
Q

orgasm contains 2 components what are they?

A
  • emission

- expulsion

52
Q

emission (3)

A
  • peristalic contractions of smooth muscle
  • pushes sperm into the prostatic urethra
  • squeezes fluid seminal vesicles and prostate
53
Q

expolusion

A
  • powerful rhythmic contractions of ischocavernosa and bulbospongious muscles
  • pleasureable sensation (eleveated oxytocin)
54
Q

ischocavernosus

A

stiffens the penis

55
Q

bulbospongious

A

pushes the semen out of the urethra

56
Q

resolution (2)

A
  • blood flow to the penis slows

- follows after ejaculation

57
Q

refractory period

A

period when you can attain second erection

58
Q

mitosis produces

A

2 genetically identical daughter cell

59
Q

meiosis produces

A

gametes

60
Q

that is the importance of meiosis (2)

A
  • reduce the chromosomal number in half

- introduces genetic variation

61
Q

____ only undergoes mitosis

A

spermatogonium

62
Q

sperm formation (2)

A
  • takes 74 days

- begins around age 14

63
Q

spermatogenesis (2)

A
  • sperm formation

- occurs in the seminiferous tubules

64
Q

spermiogenesis (2)

A
  • spermatids->sperm

- is a mobile cell with 4 components

65
Q

what are the 2 daughter cells produced from the spermatogonia?

A

type A:replacement for the spermatogonia via mitosis

type B: primary spermatocyte

66
Q

Type B->

How many chromosomes?

A
  • spermatocyte

- forms the secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes)

67
Q

Secondary spermatocyte->

How many chromatids?

A

4 spermatids; 23 chromatids

68
Q

all sperm undergoes ______

A

spermiogenesis

69
Q

what are the 4 components of sperm?

A
  • head (acrosomal cap;contains 23 chromatids)
  • neck (contain centrioles)
  • midpiece (contain mitochondria)
  • tail (flagella)
70
Q

testosterone during puberty?adulthood?

A

puberty: enlargement of secondary organs, stimulates erythropoiesis
adulthood: stimulates libido and spermatogenesis

71
Q

gnRH (2)

A
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
  • starts puberty
72
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

-stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein

73
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

-stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone

74
Q

testosterone inhibits?

A

gnRH release

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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