Heart

Question 1

What are the 2 major divisions of the heart?

Answer 1

pulmonary

systemic

Question 2

pulmonary circuit (3)

Answer 2

right side of the heart
carries blood to lungs
lower pressure

Question 3

systemic circuit (3)

Answer 3

left side of the heart
carries blood to the rest of the body
higher pressure

Question 4

pericardium

Answer 4

double layered sack surrounding the heart that allows the heart to beat without friction

Question 5

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 5

parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
pericardial cavity

Question 6

parietal pericardium

Answer 6

outer, tough layer

Question 7

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Answer 7

inner, thin, smooth

covers the heart surface

Question 8

myocardium

Answer 8

electrical nonconductor; muscles and valves attach to this

Question 9

endocardium

Answer 9

smooth inner lining of the heart; what blood is touching

Question 10

structure of cardiac muscle (3)

Answer 10

short, branched cells
fewer SR
intercalated discs that have electrical junctions

Question 11

What are 3 things needed for the cardiac muscle to be almost exclusively aerobic?

Answer 11

rich in myoglobin
large # of mitochondria
large glycogen storage

Question 12

left and right atria

Answer 12

receive blood returning to the heart

Question 13

left and right ventricle

Answer 13

pump blood into arteries

Question 14

atrioventricular valves right? left?

Answer 14

right=tricuspid

left=bicuspid

Question 15

cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles

Answer 15

chordae tendineae “heart strings”

Question 16

semilunar valves

Answer 16

control flow into great arteries

Question 17

characteristics of the heartbeat? (3)

Answer 17

myogenic:electrical activity
autorhythmic
spread of electrical activity follows a particular pathway

Question 18

myogenic

Answer 18

electrical activity of heartbeat originates with heart

Question 19

autorhythmic

Answer 19

each cell in heart can spontaneously depolarize and contract

Question 20

SA node (2)

Answer 20

pacemaker, initiates heartbeat

contains cells that are fastest to spontaneously depolarize

Question 21

_____ and _____ are electrically isolated

Answer 21

atria and ventricles

Question 22

steps for conduction of heartbeat?

Answer 22

SA node-> AV node->AV bundles(via septum)->purkinje fibers (via moderator band)

Question 23

cardiodynamics

Answer 23

movements and forces generated during the cardiac cycle

Question 24

Cardiac Output=

Answer 24

Heart Rate * Stroke Volume

Question 25

What is the cardiac output at rest? what does it increase to once there is an increase in CO2?

Answer 25

5L/min; 21L/min

Question 26

cardiac reserve

Answer 26

difference between a persons max and resting CO

Question 27

when does the cardiac reserve increase?decrease?

Answer 27

with fitness; disease

Question 28

what changes cardiac output?

Answer 28

changes in heart rate and stroke volume

Question 29

stroke volume=

Answer 29

EDV- ESV

Question 30

What are factors that affect the ESV of stroke volume? (3)

Answer 30

preload contractibility afterload

Question 31

What are factors that affect the EDV of stroke volume?

Answer 31

ventricular filling time->faster HB->reduces filling time | venous return

Question 32

Anything that increases blood volume, then ___ ___ increase

Answer 32

venous return

Question 33

preload (ESV)

Answer 33

degree of muscle stretch before contraction

Question 34

the more blood in the ventricle before contraction, the greater the _____ on the ventricle. The more ____ the longer the ____ can _____

Answer 34

stretch; stretch, filament;slide

Question 35

what is responsible for stretching the heart?

Answer 35

blood

Question 36

contractibility (ESV)

Answer 36

amount of force produced during a contraction at a given preload

Question 37

During contractibility, the increasing amount of ____ ___ in the cardiocytes allows for more sliding filaments

Answer 37

free calcium

Question 38

What factors control contractibility? (4)

Answer 38

ANS hormones drugs ion concentration

Question 39

afterload

Answer 39

the force the contraction ventricle must exceed before blood can be ejected

Question 40

A ____ afterload increases ____ and decreases ___

Answer 40

higher; ESV;SV

Question 41

When is afterload increased? (4)

Answer 41

constriction of peripheral blood vessels circulatory blockage high blood pressure valve stenosis

Question 42

tachycardia

Answer 42

resting adult HR above 100

Question 43

bradycardia

Answer 43

resting adult HR below 60