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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A

away from the heart

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2
Q

veins

A

toward the heart

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3
Q

capillaries

A

site of exchange between arteries and veins

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4
Q

3 Layers of the blood vessel wall

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa/adventitia

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5
Q

tunica intima (3)

A

inner layer
keeps clotting from occurring
simple squamous endothelium that is continuous with endocardium of the heart

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6
Q

tunica media (2)

A

middle layer

usually thickest with smooth muscle for vasomotion

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7
Q

tunica externa (2)

A

outermost layer

loose connective tissue

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8
Q

Which lumen is largest, vein or artery? Why?

A

Vein because they are low resistance pathway

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A

conduction or elastic
distributing or muscular
resistance or arterioles
metarterioles

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10
Q

resistance//arterioles

A

control the amount of blood to various organs (vasocontrict or vasodilate)

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11
Q

metarterioles

A

short vessels that connect arteries to capillaries

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12
Q

conducting//elastic (2)

A

pulmonary, aorta, and common carotid

expand and recoil to lessen fluctuation in blood pressure

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13
Q

distributing//muscular

A

distributes blood to specific organs

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14
Q

3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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15
Q

continuous capillaries (2)

A

occur in most tissues

endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts

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16
Q

fenestrated capillaries (3)

A

kidneys and small intestines
organs that require rapid absorption or filtration
has filtration pores

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17
Q

sinusoid capillaries (2)

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen

irregular blood filled spaces (allow proteins and blood cells to enter)

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18
Q

What do capillary beds consist of? (3)

A

metaterioles
thoroughfare channel
true capillaries w/ precapillary sphincter

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19
Q

precapillary sphincters (2)

A

regulates the blood flow into the true capillaries

3/4 of them are closed at anytime

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20
Q

what regulates the precapillary sphincters? (3)

A

autonomic nervous system
heat
local chemicals

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21
Q

venous sinuses

A

a type of vein with thin walls and no smooth muscles

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22
Q

veins (4)

A

lower blood pressure
thinner walls
expand easily
valves aid skeletal muscles in upward blood flow

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23
Q

What is the capacitance of veins?

A

contain 75% of the total blood due to large lumen

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24
Q

What causes blood to be moved over to the arterial side from the venous side?

A

massive sympathetic stimulation

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25
Q

What is the classic route of the circulatory system?

A

heart->artery->arterioles->capillaries->venules-> veins

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26
Q

portal system

A

blood flow that goes through 2 consecutive capillary networks before entering the heart

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27
Q

What are the 3 portal systems in the body?

A

hypothalamus-anterior pituitary
found in kidneys
between intestines-liver

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28
Q

anastomoses

A

point where 2 blood vessels merge

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29
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

artery flows directly into vein

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30
Q

venous anastomosis (2)

A

vein to vein

alternate drainage of organs

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31
Q

arterial anastomosis (2)

A

artery to artery

collateral circulation

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32
Q

hemodynamics (2)

A

distribution of blood within the cardiovascular system

distribution of the cardiac output within the different tissues

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33
Q

Distribution of blood is determined by (3)

A

blood flow
blood pressure
resistance

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34
Q

tissue blood flow? the total amount equals what?

A

amount of blood flowing per min

cardiac output

35
Q

perfusion

A

rate of blood flow through a vessel per gram of tissue

36
Q

What does flow determine?

A

the speed of nutrient delivery and waste removal

37
Q

True or False, does each organ have its own value for flow? What is it defined as?

A

TRUE; percentage of the total flow or cardiac output

38
Q

What are the 2 factors that determine blood flow?

A

blood pressure differences

resistance

39
Q

blood pressure? what causes this?

A

the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall; the contraction of the heart generating a hydrostatic pressure that is conducted in all directions

40
Q

in the systemic loop, the delta P is the pressure differnce between….

A

the start of the aorta and the right atrium (95mmHg to 5mmHg)

41
Q

What are the 3 types of blood pressure?

A

arterial
venous
capillary

42
Q

arterial blood flow

A

measured at brachial artery of the arm

is pulsatile

43
Q

systolic pressure

A

BP during ventricular systole (contraction)

44
Q

diastolic pressure

A

BP during ventricular diastole (relax)

45
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/75 mmHg in young adult

46
Q

pulse pressure (3)

A

can be felt with finger
systolic-diastolic
important measure of stress exerted on arteries

47
Q

MAP? what is the best estimate?

A

mean arterial pressure
measurement taken at intervals of cardiac cycle
(diastolic pressure + (1/3 of pulse pressure))

48
Q

Where is the largest pressure drop?

A

in the arterioles

49
Q

what is the importance of arterial elasticity? (3)

A

expansion and recoil maintains steady flow of blood throughout cardiac cycle
smooths out pressure fluctuations
decrease stress on small arteries

50
Q

As BP rises with age; arteries become?

A

less distensible (recoil and elastic capability)

51
Q

Why must capillary blood pressure be low? (3)

A

capillaries are fragile
capillaries are permeable
capillary flow rate is very low for nutrient exchange

52
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of venous return?

A

skeletal muscle pump in the limbs

thoracic pump

53
Q

thoracic pump: during inhalation the thoracic cavity ______ which causes the BP to _____. The abdominal pressure _______ forcing blood ____

A

expands; decrease; increase; upward

54
Q

resistance

A

any force that opposes movement

55
Q

total peripheral resistance? where is most of the resistance?

A

the resistance that blood encounters as it travels through the circulatory system; on the arterial side

56
Q

What are the resistance sources of blood flow? (3)

A

viscosity
length
radius

57
Q

blood viscosity

A

thickness or stickness of blood

greater the thickness the greater the resistance

58
Q

blood viscosity is due mainly to? (2)

A

erythrocytes

albumin

59
Q

vessel length (2)

A

not used to regulate flow

the longer the vessel the greater the cumulative friction

60
Q

blood vessel radius (2)

A

smaller the radius the greater the friction

is changed moment to moment

61
Q

turbulence (2)

A

more of a pathological issue

normally blood flow is laminar (in layers)

62
Q

bruit? murmur?

A

turbulence in a vessel; turbulence in the heart

63
Q

what is the main purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

to provide the tissues with the appropriate amount of nutrients & remove toxic waste

64
Q

blood flow is regulated by (3)

A

changing the cardiac output
modifying peripheral resistance
modifying blood pressure

65
Q

the goal of cardiovascular regulation is to alter (3)

A

flow at the appropriate time
flow to the appropriate areas
flow without drastically changing flow to vital organs (heart and brain)

66
Q

What are the mechanisms used to regulate blood flow?

A
  • local control or autoregulation
  • neural mechanism
  • endocrine mechanism
67
Q

auto-regulation occurs within a ______ while __ ___ and ___ ___ remain ____.How does it work?

A

tissue; cardiac output; blood pressure;stable

-works by adjusting peripheral resistance (blood vessel radius) within a tissue

68
Q

what are some local acting vasodilators (5)

A
  • dropping O2 levels
  • rising CO2 levels
  • rising K levels
  • acid
  • heat
69
Q

what are some local acting vasocontrictors (2)

A
  • prostaglandin

- endothelin

70
Q

how does heat increase flow for vasodilation?

A

relaxing the smooth muscle of the arterial walls and precapillary sphincters

71
Q

During neural mechanism, the ___ has control of the CO and peripheral resistance. Where does this mechanism originate?

A

ANS

-medulla oblongata

72
Q

What is the cardiovascular center contain? (2)

A

cardiac center

vasomotor center

73
Q

the cardiac center regulates ____; while the vasomotor center regulates ___ ___ to control flow

A

cardiac output; peripheral resistance

74
Q

vasocontriction neurons

A

sympathetic fibers that constrict smooth muscle of vessels; “close” them

75
Q

vasorelaxation neurons

A

sympathetic fibers that relax vessels of the skeletal muscle; “open” them

76
Q

baroreceptors; where are they found?

A

pressure receptors

aortic and carotid

77
Q

when there is a drop in pressure what does this cause the baroceptors to do? (2) Overall?

A

-stimulate cardioaccelatory center->increase CO
-stimulate vasocontriction center-> increase peripheral resistance
overall it increases flow to vital tissues

78
Q

when there is an increase in the pressure what does this cause the baroceptors to do? (2)

A
  • inhibit cardioacceleratory center->decrease CO

- inhibit vasocontriction center-> decrease peripheral resistance

79
Q

the chemoreceptors in the vasomotor center stimulate what when there is a drop in O2 and increase in CO2 and acid?

A

-stimulate cardioacceleratory & vasocontriction

80
Q

consequences of edema? (4)

A
  • tissue necrosis
  • pulmonary edema
  • cerebral edema
  • circulatory shock
81
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

low protein in liver

82
Q

which mechanism that regulates blood flow has both long and short term regulation?

A

endocrine

83
Q

long term endocrine mechanism results from regulating?short term?

A

blood volume; peripheral resistance and CO

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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