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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The circulating transport system includes (3)

A
  • heart (pump)
  • blood vessels (conducting system)
  • blood (fluid medium)
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2
Q

Functions of the Blood (3)

A

transport
regulate
protection

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3
Q

Characteristics of Blood (2)

A 
viscous liquid (blood is thicker than water)
slightly alkaline (7.45:arteries and 7.35:veins)
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4
Q

Blood is a specialized type of ____ _____

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

Blood is made up of (2)

A 
plasma
formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
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6
Q

When you centrifuge blood, what is on the bottom? middle?top?

A

RBCs (45% of blood)-BOTTOM
Buffy coat (less than 1%)-MIDDLE
Plasma (55% of blood)-TOP

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7
Q

Erythrocytes also known as (2)

A

hematocrit

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Buffy coat contains (2)

A

leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

What does plasma contain? (3)

A

water
dissolved plasma proteins
other solutes

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10
Q

3 Classes of Plasma Proteins

A

albumins (60%)
globulins(35%)
fibrinogen(4%)

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11
Q

Albumin (4)

A

holds water in the circulatory system
pH buffers
transport proteins (FAs, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones)
made by the liver

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12
Q

Globulins (2)

A

transport globulins made by liver (hormone binding proteins, apoliproteins, steroid binding proteins)
immunoglobins

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13
Q

Fibinogen (3)

A

most numerous of the clotting protein
produce long sticky, insoluble strands of fibrin
made by the liver

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14
Q

serum

A

liquid component of blood without the clotting factor

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15
Q

antiserum

A

antibodies against “something” is found in the liquid component of the blood

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16
Q

origins of plasma proteins (3)

A

90% made by the liver
antibodies made by plasma cells (WBCs)
peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

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17
Q

Nonprotein components of plasma (4)

A

nitrogenous compounds
nutrients
oxygen and carbon dioxide
electrolytes

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18
Q

formation of formed elements

A

hemopoiesis (how blood cells are formed)

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19
Q

process of hemopoiesis (2)

A
  1. Hemocytoblast form in the blood islands of the yolk sac

2. Second population of cells called hemanigioblast is formed

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20
Q

Where are hemanigioblast located in the embryo?

A

at the forming aorta and heart

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21
Q

What does the hemanigioblast give rise to? (2)

A

endothelium stem cells->blood vessel formation

hemocytoblast ->product RBCs, WBC, and platelets

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22
Q

Hemocytoblasts can be divided into what 2 groups?

A
  • lymphoid stem cells (produce lymphocytes-WBCs)

- myeloid stem cells (produce RBCs, Granulocytes, Platelets)

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets

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24
Q

RBCs make up ____ of blood formed elements

A

99.9%

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25
Q

What does the RBCs count?normal?

A

report the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood

  1. 5-6.3 in males
  2. 2-5.5 in females due to periodic menstrual losses
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26
Q

Structure of RBCs

A

small and highly specialized biconcave disc (thin in the middle and thick on the edges)

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27
Q

Importance of RBCs shape and size (3)

A

high surface to volume ratio (quickly absorb and release O2)
discs form stacks (flow through narrow blood vessels)
discs bend and flex entering small capillaries

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28
Q

rouleaux

A

stacking of RBCs

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29
Q

What are the functions of RBCs (2)

A

both which are roles of hemoglobin:
transport of gases
pH regulation

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30
Q

Hemoglobin is a complex ______ structure. It consists 4 ____ each with a heme in the middle containing ____ made from pyrrole rings. This component is what in fact binds oxygen.

A

quaternary; subunits; iron

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31
Q

oxyHb (3)

A

found with high oxygen levels
Hb bound to oxygen
almost 100% that leaves lungs is in this form

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32
Q

deoxyHb (2)

A

found with low oxygen levels

Hb releases oxygen

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33
Q

carbaminoHb (2)

A

found with low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels

Hb releases oxygen and binds carbon dioxide and takes it to the lungs

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34
Q

What form of Hb is found in embryos? What is the significance?

A

fetal Hb; the 2 beta chains are replaced with gamma chains

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35
Q

Which Hb has a high affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal Hb

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36
Q

polycythemia

A

an excess of red blood cells

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37
Q

primary polycythemia

A

cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow (hemocrit 80%)

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38
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude

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39
Q

What are the 3 dangers of polycythemia?

A

-increased blood:
volume
pressure
viscosity (makes heart work harder)

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40
Q

anemia

A

inadequate erythropoiesis or Hb synthesis

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41
Q

What are the causes of anemia? (4)

A

inadequate Vit B12
iron deficiency
kidney failure
aplastic anemia (no RBCs at all)

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42
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs start to burst

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43
Q

low amounts of vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia

44
Q

What are the effects of anemia? (3)

A

tissue hypoxia and necrosis
low blood osmolarity
low blood viscosity

45
Q

hypoxia

A

tissue not getting the proper amount of O2

46
Q

sickle cell disease

A

hereditary Hb defect that is a recessive allele that modifies Hb structure

47
Q

erthropoiesis

A

red blood cell formation

stem cell matures to become a RBC

48
Q

RBCs lack (3); what does this mean?

A

nuclei
mitochondria
ribosomes
they are unable to make repairs

49
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?in adults? children?

A

in red bone marrow; spongy bone; marrow cavity of long bones

50
Q

stages of erythropoiesis? (5)

A 
proerythroblast
erythroblast
normoblast
reticulocyte
mature RBC
51
Q

proerythroblast

A 
located in the bone marrow
undergoes mitosis (growth and divide) to become erythroblast
52
Q

erythroblast

A

located in the bone marrow

actively synthesizing proteins (heme)

53
Q

normoblast

A

located in the bone marrow

an erythroblast that has stopped transcription and preparing to eject the nucleus

54
Q

reticulocyte (2)

A

located in the bone marrow but later released into the blood
forms from the normoblast following the ejection of the nucleus and other organelles
continues to produce Hb using ribosomes and mRNA

55
Q

mature RBC

A

located in the blood

reticulocyte stops producing more Hb

56
Q

What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin

57
Q

When is erythropoietin secreted? (2)

A

kidneys and liver when O2 in peripheral tissues is low

secreted by kidneys when BP drops

58
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate? (2)

A

cell division in proerythroblast

stimulate Hb synthesis

59
Q

What are the requirements for erthropoiesis? (7)

A

erythropoietin
amino acids
iron and copper
vit C (needed for enzyme function)
vit B12 (needed for nucleotide synthesis)
vit B6 (needed for enzyme function)
folic acid (needed for nucleotide synthesis)

60
Q

How are RBCs recycled? (2)

A

90% engulfed by macrophages

10% undergo hemolysis in the blood

61
Q

What do macrophages monitor in RBCs? What happens when they drop?

A

spectrin level; they loose flexibility and are trapped in connective tissue (reticular)

62
Q

What 2 components do macrophages break Hb into?

A

globular proteins->amino acids

heme->biliverdin (release iron)

63
Q

What 2 storage proteins is iron bound to?transferred on?why?

A

feritin and hemosiderin; transferrin; because it is very reactive

64
Q

Biliverdin is converted to ____ while in the macrophage

A

bilirubin

65
Q

What happens when bilirubin is excreted into the blood from the macrophage? (5)

A
  1. binds to albumin
  2. removed from the blood by the liver
  3. excreted by the liver as part of bile
  4. converted by intestinal bacteria
  5. eliminated as feces
66
Q

Jaundice

A

accumulation of bilirubin in fatty tissue

results from exceeding the capacity of albumin to carry bilirubin in the blood

67
Q

white blood cells do not have ______; but they do have ___ and ____

A

Hb; nuclei and other organelles

68
Q

What are the functions of WBCs? (3)

A

defend against pathogens
remove toxins and wastes
attack abnormal cells

69
Q

How do WBCs circulate? (4)

A

migrate out of the bloodstream
have amoeboid movement
attracted to chemical stimuli
some are phagocytic

70
Q

Macrophages are termed ____ when they are in the blood stream.

A

monocytes

71
Q

3 Types of Granulocytes?2 Types of Agranulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

monocytes, lymphocytes

72
Q

neutrophils (2)

A

most numerous

have lots of nuclei

73
Q

Functions of neutrophils? (5)

A 
very active and mobile
first to attack bacteria
Phagocytes 
release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (arachidonic acid)
degranulation
74
Q

What does the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes stimulate? (3)

A

inflammation
restrict the spread of pathogens
attract other WBCs

75
Q

degranulation

A

granules from cytoplasm fuse with phagosome

76
Q

What do the granules contain on granulocytes? (2)

A

bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide)

defensins (porins; peptides)

77
Q

eosinphils (2)

A

attack large parasites

help with allergies

78
Q

Functions of eosinphils? (3)

A

phagocytic
excrete toxic compounds to “harass” parasites
attracted to site of injury (to control inflammation)

79
Q

basophils (2)

A

small

accumulate in damaged tissue

80
Q

Functions of basophils (2) also functions of mast cells

A

release histamine->dilate blood vessels

release heparin->prevent blood clotting

81
Q

Functions of macrophages?

A

phagocytize large particles and pathogens

secrete substances that attract immune system cells to injured area

82
Q

What is the purpose of fibroblast?

A

help lay down scar

83
Q

lymphocytes (2)

A

migrate in and out of the blood

are part of the body’s SPECIFIC defense system

84
Q

What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells (natural killer)

85
Q

T cells (3)

A

develop in the thymus
cell mediated immunity
attack foreign cells directly

86
Q

B cells (3)

A

develop in the bone marrow
differentiate into plasma cells
synthesize antibodies

87
Q

natural killer cells

A

detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells

88
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count

89
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC count

90
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the hemopoietic tissue (uncontrolled WBC production)

91
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in human clotting

92
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally low platelet count

93
Q

thrombocytosis

A

abnormally high platelet count

94
Q

Functions of platelets (6)

A

release clotting chemicals
actively contract tissue after clot formation
temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
initiate formation of clot dissolving enzyme
phagocytize bacteria (do not kill it)
attract Neutrophils and monocytes to site of inflammation

95
Q

megakkaryocytes

A

giant cells
located in bone marrow
shed cytoplasm into platelets

96
Q

hemostasis

A

the cessation of bleeding

97
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug
coagulation

98
Q

Steps of vascular spasm and platelet plug? (5)

A
  1. damaged blood vessel exposes collagen
  2. platelet attach and become sticky (platelet plug)
  3. attached platelets release chemicals (serotonin)
  4. Serotonin triggers vascular spasm
  5. chemicals also attract more platelets
99
Q

the spasm is also triggered by what?

A

pain receptors on blood vessels and damage to smooth muscle

100
Q

Steps of coagulation (6)

A
  1. damaged tissue release thromboplastin
  2. thromboplastin interacts with PF3 =protrombin activator
  3. protrombin activator converts prothrombin->thrombin
  4. thrombin converts fibrinogen->fibrin
  5. fibrin is insoluble and stick to form a mesh to trap formed elements
  6. platelets contain actomyosin which pulls edges together
101
Q

What helps to prevent inappropriate clotting? (3)

A

platelet repulsion
thrombin dilution
natural anticoagulants

102
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels

103
Q

embolism

A

clot traveling in a vessel

104
Q

infarction

A

may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ

105
Q

prostacyclin

A

inhibits platelet aggregation

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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