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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The circulating transport system includes (3)

A
  • heart (pump)
  • blood vessels (conducting system)
  • blood (fluid medium)
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2
Q

Functions of the Blood (3)

A

transport
regulate
protection

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3
Q

Characteristics of Blood (2)

A 
viscous liquid (blood is thicker than water)
slightly alkaline (7.45:arteries and 7.35:veins)
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4
Q

Blood is a specialized type of ____ _____

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

Blood is made up of (2)

A 
plasma
formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
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6
Q

When you centrifuge blood, what is on the bottom? middle?top?

A

RBCs (45% of blood)-BOTTOM
Buffy coat (less than 1%)-MIDDLE
Plasma (55% of blood)-TOP

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7
Q

Erythrocytes also known as (2)

A

hematocrit

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Buffy coat contains (2)

A

leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

What does plasma contain? (3)

A

water
dissolved plasma proteins
other solutes

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10
Q

3 Classes of Plasma Proteins

A

albumins (60%)
globulins(35%)
fibrinogen(4%)

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11
Q

Albumin (4)

A

holds water in the circulatory system
pH buffers
transport proteins (FAs, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones)
made by the liver

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12
Q

Globulins (2)

A

transport globulins made by liver (hormone binding proteins, apoliproteins, steroid binding proteins)
immunoglobins

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13
Q

Fibinogen (3)

A

most numerous of the clotting protein
produce long sticky, insoluble strands of fibrin
made by the liver

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14
Q

serum

A

liquid component of blood without the clotting factor

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15
Q

antiserum

A

antibodies against “something” is found in the liquid component of the blood

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16
Q

origins of plasma proteins (3)

A

90% made by the liver
antibodies made by plasma cells (WBCs)
peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

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17
Q

Nonprotein components of plasma (4)

A

nitrogenous compounds
nutrients
oxygen and carbon dioxide
electrolytes

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18
Q

formation of formed elements

A

hemopoiesis (how blood cells are formed)

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19
Q

process of hemopoiesis (2)

A
  1. Hemocytoblast form in the blood islands of the yolk sac

2. Second population of cells called hemanigioblast is formed

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20
Q

Where are hemanigioblast located in the embryo?

A

at the forming aorta and heart

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21
Q

What does the hemanigioblast give rise to? (2)

A

endothelium stem cells->blood vessel formation

hemocytoblast ->product RBCs, WBC, and platelets

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22
Q

Hemocytoblasts can be divided into what 2 groups?

A
  • lymphoid stem cells (produce lymphocytes-WBCs)

- myeloid stem cells (produce RBCs, Granulocytes, Platelets)

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets

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24
Q

RBCs make up ____ of blood formed elements

A

99.9%

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25
What does the RBCs count?normal?
report the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood 4. 5-6.3 in males 4. 2-5.5 in females due to periodic menstrual losses
26
Structure of RBCs
small and highly specialized biconcave disc (thin in the middle and thick on the edges)
27
Importance of RBCs shape and size (3)
high surface to volume ratio (quickly absorb and release O2) discs form stacks (flow through narrow blood vessels) discs bend and flex entering small capillaries
28
rouleaux
stacking of RBCs
29
What are the functions of RBCs (2)
both which are roles of hemoglobin: transport of gases pH regulation
30
Hemoglobin is a complex ______ structure. It consists 4 ____ each with a heme in the middle containing ____ made from pyrrole rings. This component is what in fact binds oxygen.
quaternary; subunits; iron
31
oxyHb (3)
found with high oxygen levels Hb bound to oxygen almost 100% that leaves lungs is in this form
32
deoxyHb (2)
found with low oxygen levels | Hb releases oxygen
33
carbaminoHb (2)
found with low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels | Hb releases oxygen and binds carbon dioxide and takes it to the lungs
34
What form of Hb is found in embryos? What is the significance?
fetal Hb; the 2 beta chains are replaced with gamma chains
35
Which Hb has a high affinity for oxygen?
Fetal Hb
36
polycythemia
an excess of red blood cells
37
primary polycythemia
cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow (hemocrit 80%)
38
secondary polycythemia
from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude
39
What are the 3 dangers of polycythemia?
-increased blood: volume pressure viscosity (makes heart work harder)
40
anemia
inadequate erythropoiesis or Hb synthesis
41
What are the causes of anemia? (4)
inadequate Vit B12 iron deficiency kidney failure aplastic anemia (no RBCs at all)
42
hemolytic anemia
RBCs start to burst
43
low amounts of vitamin B12
pernicious anemia
44
What are the effects of anemia? (3)
tissue hypoxia and necrosis low blood osmolarity low blood viscosity
45
hypoxia
tissue not getting the proper amount of O2
46
sickle cell disease
hereditary Hb defect that is a recessive allele that modifies Hb structure
47
erthropoiesis
red blood cell formation | stem cell matures to become a RBC
48
RBCs lack (3); what does this mean?
nuclei mitochondria ribosomes they are unable to make repairs
49
Where does erythropoiesis occur?in adults? children?
in red bone marrow; spongy bone; marrow cavity of long bones
50
stages of erythropoiesis? (5)
``` proerythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte mature RBC ```
51
proerythroblast
``` located in the bone marrow undergoes mitosis (growth and divide) to become erythroblast ```
52
erythroblast
located in the bone marrow | actively synthesizing proteins (heme)
53
normoblast
located in the bone marrow | an erythroblast that has stopped transcription and preparing to eject the nucleus
54
reticulocyte (2)
located in the bone marrow but later released into the blood forms from the normoblast following the ejection of the nucleus and other organelles continues to produce Hb using ribosomes and mRNA
55
mature RBC
located in the blood | reticulocyte stops producing more Hb
56
What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin
57
When is erythropoietin secreted? (2)
kidneys and liver when O2 in peripheral tissues is low | secreted by kidneys when BP drops
58
What does erythropoietin stimulate? (2)
cell division in proerythroblast | stimulate Hb synthesis
59
What are the requirements for erthropoiesis? (7)
erythropoietin amino acids iron and copper vit C (needed for enzyme function) vit B12 (needed for nucleotide synthesis) vit B6 (needed for enzyme function) folic acid (needed for nucleotide synthesis)
60
How are RBCs recycled? (2)
90% engulfed by macrophages | 10% undergo hemolysis in the blood
61
What do macrophages monitor in RBCs? What happens when they drop?
spectrin level; they loose flexibility and are trapped in connective tissue (reticular)
62
What 2 components do macrophages break Hb into?
globular proteins->amino acids | heme->biliverdin (release iron)
63
What 2 storage proteins is iron bound to?transferred on?why?
feritin and hemosiderin; transferrin; because it is very reactive
64
Biliverdin is converted to ____ while in the macrophage
bilirubin
65
What happens when bilirubin is excreted into the blood from the macrophage? (5)
1. binds to albumin 2. removed from the blood by the liver 3. excreted by the liver as part of bile 4. converted by intestinal bacteria 5. eliminated as feces
66
Jaundice
accumulation of bilirubin in fatty tissue | results from exceeding the capacity of albumin to carry bilirubin in the blood
67
white blood cells do not have ______; but they do have ___ and ____
Hb; nuclei and other organelles
68
What are the functions of WBCs? (3)
defend against pathogens remove toxins and wastes attack abnormal cells
69
How do WBCs circulate? (4)
migrate out of the bloodstream have amoeboid movement attracted to chemical stimuli some are phagocytic
70
Macrophages are termed ____ when they are in the blood stream.
monocytes
71
3 Types of Granulocytes?2 Types of Agranulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils | monocytes, lymphocytes
72
neutrophils (2)
most numerous | have lots of nuclei
73
Functions of neutrophils? (5)
``` very active and mobile first to attack bacteria Phagocytes release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (arachidonic acid) degranulation ```
74
What does the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes stimulate? (3)
inflammation restrict the spread of pathogens attract other WBCs
75
degranulation
granules from cytoplasm fuse with phagosome
76
What do the granules contain on granulocytes? (2)
bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) | defensins (porins; peptides)
77
eosinphils (2)
attack large parasites | help with allergies
78
Functions of eosinphils? (3)
phagocytic excrete toxic compounds to "harass" parasites attracted to site of injury (to control inflammation)
79
basophils (2)
small | accumulate in damaged tissue
80
Functions of basophils (2) also functions of mast cells
release histamine->dilate blood vessels | release heparin->prevent blood clotting
81
Functions of macrophages?
phagocytize large particles and pathogens | secrete substances that attract immune system cells to injured area
82
What is the purpose of fibroblast?
help lay down scar
83
lymphocytes (2)
migrate in and out of the blood | are part of the body's SPECIFIC defense system
84
What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?
T cells B cells NK cells (natural killer)
85
T cells (3)
develop in the thymus cell mediated immunity attack foreign cells directly
86
B cells (3)
develop in the bone marrow differentiate into plasma cells synthesize antibodies
87
natural killer cells
detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells
88
leukopenia
low WBC count
89
leukocytosis
high WBC count
90
leukemia
cancer of the hemopoietic tissue (uncontrolled WBC production)
91
platelets
cell fragments involved in human clotting
92
thrombocytopenia
abnormally low platelet count
93
thrombocytosis
abnormally high platelet count
94
Functions of platelets (6)
release clotting chemicals actively contract tissue after clot formation temporarily patch damaged vessel walls initiate formation of clot dissolving enzyme phagocytize bacteria (do not kill it) attract Neutrophils and monocytes to site of inflammation
95
megakkaryocytes
giant cells located in bone marrow shed cytoplasm into platelets
96
hemostasis
the cessation of bleeding
97
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?
vascular spasm platelet plug coagulation
98
Steps of vascular spasm and platelet plug? (5)
1. damaged blood vessel exposes collagen 2. platelet attach and become sticky (platelet plug) 3. attached platelets release chemicals (serotonin) 4. Serotonin triggers vascular spasm 5. chemicals also attract more platelets
99
the spasm is also triggered by what?
pain receptors on blood vessels and damage to smooth muscle
100
Steps of coagulation (6)
1. damaged tissue release thromboplastin 2. thromboplastin interacts with PF3 =protrombin activator 3. protrombin activator converts prothrombin->thrombin 4. thrombin converts fibrinogen->fibrin 5. fibrin is insoluble and stick to form a mesh to trap formed elements 6. platelets contain actomyosin which pulls edges together
101
What helps to prevent inappropriate clotting? (3)
platelet repulsion thrombin dilution natural anticoagulants
102
thrombosis
abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels
103
embolism
clot traveling in a vessel
104
infarction
may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ
105
prostacyclin
inhibits platelet aggregation

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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