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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system

A

used to break nutrients down into forms that can be used by the body for cell metabolism

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2
Q

where does the energy lie for the cells

A

within the bonds

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3
Q

what are the digestive processes? (7)

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical digestion
  4. chemical digestion
  5. secretion
  6. absorption
  7. excretion
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4
Q

propulsion (2)

A
  • voluntary swallowing

- alternating of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

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5
Q

peristaisis

A

involuntary smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing and mixing food

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7
Q

segmentation

A

rhythmic local contractions of the intestine

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8
Q

chemical digestion

A

food broken down to monomers

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9
Q

secretion

A

release of water, acids, enzymes, and salt

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10
Q

absorption

A

end products from GI tract into blood or lymph

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11
Q

excretion

A

elimination of indigestible substances

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12
Q

what are the 2 main groups of the digestive system?

A
  • alimentary canal//GI tract

- accessory organs

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13
Q

What occurs in the mouth? (4)

A
  1. analysis of material before swallowing
  2. mastication
  3. lubrication
  4. limited digestion by saliva
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14
Q

in the mouth there is limited ______ regulation

A

chemical

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15
Q

saliva contains (7)

A
  • salivary amylase
  • salivary lipase
  • 97% water
  • lysozyme
  • IgA antibodies
  • mucin
  • growth factors
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16
Q

salivary amylase

A

breaks down polysaccharides into smaller fragments

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17
Q

salivary lipase (2)

A
  • breaks down triglycerides

- only works at low pH (acidic) [stomach, not the mouth]

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18
Q

lysozyme

A

destroys bacteria

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19
Q

mucin

A

forms thick mucus when water is added

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20
Q

secretion of saliva is controlled by ____

A

autonomic nervous system (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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21
Q

the salivatory nuclei of the ___ ___ sends action potentials down the ____ and ____ nerves to stimulate salivation

A

medulla oblongata; facial and glossopharyngeal

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22
Q

is there absorption in the oral cavity?

A

very little in the mouth, some lipid soluble substances

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23
Q

oral phase of saliva release? what does it result in? (2)

A
  • chemoreceptors (stimulated by acidic substances)
  • pressure receptors

-activation of the parasympathetic nervous system->saliva released

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24
Q

cephalic phase of saliva release? what does it result in?

A

thought, sight, smell of food

-activation of the parasympathetic nervous system->saliva released

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25
Q

what happens during sympathetic stimulation during saliva release? (2)

A
  • a smaller production of viscous saliva with little enzyme content
  • due to constriction of blood vessels feeding the glands
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26
Q

what are the functions of the stomach? (5)

A
  • primarily a food storage
  • mechanically breaks up food particles
  • liquefies the food to produce chyme
  • limited digestion of protein and lipids
  • helps sterilize food
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27
Q

what type of tissue lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium that is a secretory sheet

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28
Q

the epithelium of the stomach is organized into?
what are they lined with?
at the base?

A
  • gastric pits which are shallow depressions
  • mucous epithelium (release mucin)
  • gastric glands
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29
Q

what are the cells of the gastric glands? (4)

A
  • G cell
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
  • mucous cells
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30
Q

mucous neck cells of gastric glands (2)

A
  • produces mucin

- located at the top of the gland

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31
Q

parietal cells of gastric glands (2)

A
  • produce intrinsic factors that binds to B12-> absorbed by small intestine
  • produce HCl
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32
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by a drop in B12 production which is need to produce red blood cells

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33
Q

what is the purpose of HCl? (5)

A
  • kill microbes
  • denature proteins
  • break down plant walls
  • activate pepsin
  • converts ferric(fe3) to ferrous (fe2)
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34
Q

how is acid (HCl) produced in the stomach? (4)

A
  1. carbon dioxide diffuses into cell from the blood
  2. carbonic anhydrase produces H and HCO3
  3. H/K ATPase pump out H in exchange for K
  4. Cl shift into cell as HCO3 goes into the blood
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35
Q

chief cells of gastric glands (2)

A
  • produce pepsinogen

- produce rennin and gastric lipase in infants

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36
Q

pepsinogen (2)

A

inactive

is converted to pepsin by HCl

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37
Q

pepsin

A

digests proteins to shorter peptide chains

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38
Q

g cells of gastric gland

A

produce gastrin

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39
Q

what does gastrin stimulate?

A

the secretion of parietal (acid) and chief (pepsin) cells

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40
Q

somatostatin (3)

A
  • produced by D cells
  • weekly inhibits gastrin release
  • released when stomach is very acidic
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41
Q

regenerative cells (2)

A
  • at the base of the gland

- undergoes mitosis

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42
Q

gastric secretion contains (4)

A

mucous, acid, enzymes, and hormones

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43
Q

the regulation of gastric secretion is controlled by what?

A

nervous and hormonal mechanisms

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44
Q

what are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • intestinal
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45
Q

cephalic phase of gastric secretion (4)

A
  • directed by ANS
  • occurs before food enters the stomach
  • triggered by sight, smell, or thought of food
  • PNS nerve fibers travel down vagus nerve
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46
Q

gastric phase of gastric secretion (2)

A
  • occurs once food reaches the stomach

- important stimulus is distention, peptides and low acidity

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47
Q

distention=

A

stretch

48
Q

when stimulated these make:
parietal cells->
chief cells->
G cells->

A

HCl (parietal)
pepsinogen (chief)
gastrin (G cells)

49
Q

how are gastric effects similar to positive feedback loop?

A

gastrin stimulates HCl from parietal cells, which causes more gastrin to be released

50
Q

how are gastric effects similar to negative feedback loop?

A

when gastrin is released in which the pH drops below 2 somatostatin is released

51
Q

intestinal phase of gastric secretion (2)

A
  • starts when chyme enters the small intestine

- main function is to control the entrance of acidic chyme into duodenum

52
Q

what hormones are involved in the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? (4)

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • cholecytokinin (CCK)
  • gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
53
Q

secretin

A
  • released from the small intestine if pH of chyme is less than 3
  • inhibits gastric secretion
54
Q

CCK and GIP (2)

A
  • released from small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and lipids
  • inhibit gastric secretion
55
Q

small intestine

A

site of digestion and almost all absorption

56
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
57
Q

gastric emptying is primarily accomplished via?

A

opening and closing of pyloric sphincter

58
Q

what stimulates opening of the pyloric sphincter? (2)

A
  • stretch of the stomach

- gastrin released

59
Q

what stimulates closing of the pyloric sphincter? (3)

A
  • stretch of the small intestine
  • chemical receptors for acid, amino acids, and lipids
  • secretion of CCK, GIP, and secretin
60
Q

duodenum (2)

A
  • smallest region of the small intestine

- received pancreatic juice, bile, and stomach contents

61
Q

common bile duct

A

common entry point from gall bladder and pancreas

62
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

attaches the stomach to the intestine

63
Q

jejunum vs illeum

A

jejunum : more digestion than absorption

illeum: more absorption than digestion

64
Q

what features are added to increase surface area of the small intestine? (2)

A
  • plica circulate

- villi

65
Q

plica circulate (2)

A
  • deep folds of the inner surface

- shape causes chyme to spiral

66
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of the mucosal surface of the intestine

67
Q

microvilli=____where are they located?

A
  • brush borders

- on villi and become progresssively smaller in more distal regions of the small intestine

68
Q

cells of the villi? what are they called?

A

simple columnar cells; absorptive cells

69
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

70
Q

what are the cells found in the intestinal crypts (glands)? (4)

A
  • absorptive cells
  • goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • paneth cells
71
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete lysozymes

72
Q

what are the cells of the submucosal layer of the small intestine? (3)

A
  • duodenal glands
  • peyers patch
  • MALT
73
Q

peyers patch

A

dense lymphoid nodules

74
Q

the pancreas has 2 ducts that it can use to empty into the duodenum, what are they?

A
  • accessory (smaller)

- pancreatic duct which fuses with gallbladder to form common bile duct (larger)

75
Q

pancreas has an endocrine portion known as ______, and a exocrine portion that is organized into _____.

A

islets of langerhan; acini (small clusters of glandular epithelial cells)

76
Q

islets of langerhan:
beta cells release _____
alpha cells release ______

A

insulin; glucagon

77
Q

composition of the pancreatic juice (3)

A
  • mostly water
  • electrolytes (sodium bicarbonate)
  • alkaline
78
Q

what are the 4 enzymes in pancreatic juice?

A
  • proteases
  • pancreatic amylase
  • pancreatic lipase
  • nucleases
79
Q

proteases

A

break peptide bonds

80
Q

trypsinogen is activated by ______, a brush border enzyme. it is then converted to _______.

A

enterokinase; trypsin

81
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

starch enzyme

82
Q

pancreatic lipase (2)

A
  • lipid enzyme

- cleaves 2 fas leaving 1 fas and a monoglyceride

83
Q

nucleases

A

RNA and DNA enzyme

84
Q

pancreatic secretion is primarily under _____ control. What 2 hormones are released to release pancreatic enzymes and juices?

A

hormonal;secretin and CCK

85
Q

one of the functions of the liver is to?

A

synthesize and secrete bile

86
Q

Bile (4)

A
  • produced by the liver
  • is a yellow-green alkaline solution
  • role in digestion is as fat emulsifer
  • stored in the gallbladder
87
Q

what is the composition of bile? (5)

A
  • bile salts
  • phospholipids
  • bile pigments
  • cholesterol
  • electrolytes
88
Q

bile salts (5)

A
  • cholesterol derivatives
  • contain polar and nonpolar ends
  • act as detergents for lipids
  • emulsify fats
  • recycled by enterohepatic circulation
89
Q

bile pigments (2)

A
  • most is bilirubin (waste product of heme)

- give feces its brown color (break down of urobilinogen)

90
Q

what are the 4 regions of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
91
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine? (3)

A
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption of lots of water
  • elimination of feces
92
Q

indigestible carbs produce _____

A

flatus (farts)

93
Q

what are some examples of chemical digestion by bacteria observed in the large intestine? (3)

A
  • fermentation of indigestible carbs
  • cellulose digested to glucose
  • synthesis of B vitamins
94
Q

the enzymatic breakdown of polymers into monomers is achieved by ____

A

hydrolysis

95
Q

starch (2)

A
  • carb

- a glucose polymer

96
Q

glycogen (2)

A
  • not much in diet

- animal starch

97
Q

monosaccharides (3). What is the significance of this monomers when it comes to digestion?

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose

-they can quickly be absorbed

98
Q

disaccharides (3)

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
99
Q

sucrose

A

glucose +fructose

100
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

101
Q

maltose

A

glucose+ glucose

102
Q

pancreatic amylase (2)

A
  • takes about 10 minutes to work in SI

- produce maltose and 3 to 9 glucose chains

103
Q

dextrinase and glucoamylase

A
  • works on small glucose polymers

- yields maltose and glucose

104
Q

galatose converts to _______ immediately once it enters the small intestine

A

glucose

105
Q

glucose and galatose are transported ______ by _____ dependent transporters. While fructose is transported by ____ . All monosaccharides are transported paracellularly via _______

A

transcellular; glu//gal-sodium

facilitated diffusion; solvent drag

106
Q

STOMACH: During protein digestion, pepsinogen->pepsin. It attacks bonds involving ____ and _____.

A

tyrosine and phenylalanine

107
Q

carboxypeptidase (CPA) is what type of enzyme (2)

A
  • brush border

- pancreatic enzyme

108
Q

SMALL INTESTINE: Trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

reduce the sizes of the polypeptide by attacking internal bonds

109
Q

CPA removes the _____end of the amino acid, while aminopeptidase/dipeptidase removes the ____ end of the amino acid.

A

carboxyl group; amine group

-both work best in neutral pH

110
Q

infants absorb proteins via _____

A

pinocytosis

111
Q

protein digestion occurs in the ?

lipid digestion occurs in the ?

A

stomach and small intestine

ALL in small intestine

112
Q

micelle made up of (4)

A

fatty acids + monoglycerides + phospholipid (from bile) + bile salts

113
Q

once inside the cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are resynthesized into _______. These then combine with cholesterol and ______ to make up ______.

A

triglycerides; phospholipid; lipoprotein

114
Q

chylomicron

A

lipoprotein formed in the cell

115
Q

where do most chylomicrons go?

A

lacteals or left overs are taken to the liver

116
Q

when chylomicrons go the liver they are converted into______

A

low density lipoproteins (LDLs)-> adipose tissue

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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