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Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues are organized into _______

A

organs

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle

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3
Q

Why is it vital for cells to communicate?

A

to preserve the functions of each organ to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the 6 forms of intracellular communication?

A
  1. Synaptic
  2. Juxtacrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Direct
  5. Paracrine
  6. Endocrine
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5
Q

Direct communication (2)

A
  • mediated by gap junctions that contain connexins (small proteins)
  • pores in the cell membrane that allow small chemical signals to move cell to cell
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6
Q

Paracrine communication (2)

A
  • mediated by local hormones (cytokines)

- secreted into intracellular fluid to affect nearby target cells

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7
Q

Autocrine communication (2)

A
  • mediated by local hormones (cytokines)

- secreted by the cell that is also the target cell

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8
Q

Juxtacrine communication (3)

A
  • mediated by local hormones (cytokines)
  • held on the plasma membrane and target cell binds
  • involved in growth and differentiation
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9
Q

Synaptic communication (3)

A
  • mediated by neurotransmitters
  • released by presynaptic neurons that travel across a gap to a postsynatic cell
  • travel long distances
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10
Q

Endocrine communication (2)

A
  • mediated by hormones

- secreted into extracellular fluid before entering into capillaries to travel to target cells

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11
Q

Capillaries are ______

A

permeable

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12
Q

All communication except for direct communication require ____

A

a target cell to express receptors made of protein

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13
Q

signal transduction

A

the changes that occur between the binding of the hormone to the change that occurs when the cell is activated

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of the endocrine system?

A
  • produce hormones from endocrine glands or tissue
  • hormones are secreted into the blood stream
  • target cells have receptors for the the hormones
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15
Q

endocrine vs. exocrine

A

exo: has ducts that carry secretion to the surface; the product that is released as extracellular effects
endo: no ducts; release hormones into highly permeable capillaries

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16
Q

nervous system in comparison to endocrine system (4)

A
  • both electrical and chemical communication
  • reacts quickly
  • response to long term stimulus declines
  • area effected is targeted and specific
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17
Q

endocrine system in comparison to nervous system (4)

A
  • only chemical
  • reacts slowly (effects continue for weeks)
  • response to long term stimulus persists
  • area effected is general and widespread
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18
Q

several chemicals function as _____ and _____

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

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19
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

neurons that secrete hormones

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20
Q

What is controlled by the endocrine system (7)

A
  • reproduction
  • growth
  • development
  • activation of body defenses
  • salt and water balance
  • nutrient balance
  • cellular metabolism
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21
Q

10 major endocrine organs

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

the control center of the endocrine system (sensory, emotional, and outside/inside connections)

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23
Q

What are the 3 roles of the hypothalamus?

A
  • release of hormones that control anterior pituitary
  • produces and controls the release of oxytocin and ADH
  • controls the release of E and NE from adrenal medulla
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24
Q

pituitary gland is also known as _______

A

hypophysis

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25
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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26
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A
  • anterior (adenohypophysis)

- posterior (neurohypophysis)

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27
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis arise from? neurohypophysis?

A

outgrowth of the pharnyx (hypophyseal pouch); the brain

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28
Q

portal system

A

two capillary beds in a row

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29
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary have vascular connection

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30
Q

trophic hormones

A

target other endocrine glands

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31
Q

What are the 4 trophic hormones? (all in the anterior lobe)

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinizing hormone)
  • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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32
Q

gonadotropins? (2)

A

FSH and LH

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33
Q

What are the 2 non trophic hormones?

A
  • PRL (prolactin)

- GH (growth hormone)

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34
Q

FSH (3)

A

follicle stimulating hormone

  • secreted by the gonadotropic cells
  • stimulates production of egg and sperm cells
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35
Q

LH (3)

A

luteinizing hormone

  • secreted by the gonadotropic cells
  • stimulates hormone production (females: progesterone and estrogen) (males: testosterone)
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36
Q

TSH (3)

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

  • secreted by thyrotropes
  • stimulates growth of gland and secretion of TH (T3 and T4)
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37
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

-regulates response to stress (adrenal cortex)

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38
Q

corticosteroids (2)

A
  • regulate energy in the body during stress

- from adrenal cortex regulates glucose, fat and protein metabolism

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39
Q

PRL (3)

A

prolactin

  • secreted by lactotropes
    female: milk production after delivery
    male: increase LH’ thus increasing testosterone
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40
Q

What hormone is released after an orgasm giving a calming effect?

A

prolactin

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41
Q

GH (4)

A

growth hormone

  • promotes tissue growth
  • mitosis and cellular differentiation
  • stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins
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42
Q

GH: protein synthesis

A

increase DNA transcription for increase of mRNA production

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43
Q

GH: lipid metabolism

A

stimulates free fatty acids and glycerol release from adipocytes

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44
Q

GH: CHO metabolism

A

glucose sparing for nervous system

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45
Q

GH :electrolyte balance

A

promotes salt retention

46
Q

GH: childhood and adolescence (3)

A

GH is at its highest
bone, cartilage, and muscle growth
stimulates growth of epiphyseal plate

47
Q

GH: Adulthood

A

increase osteoblastic (building) activity and appositional (width) growth

48
Q

______ fluctuate throughout the day? When are they highest? lowest?

A

GH

highest: during deep sleep and high protein meal
lowest: after high CHO meal

49
Q

posterior pituitary

A

contains a collection of axons

50
Q

The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus releases _____; while the supraoptic nucleus releases _____

A

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

51
Q

ADH

A

target the kidneys to increase water retention

52
Q

Oxytocin (2)

A

labor contractions and lactation in females

sperm transport in males

53
Q

anterior lobe control is determined via ______ while posterior lobe control is determined via ____

A

hormones; reflexes (timing)

54
Q

suckling infant->stimulate nerve endings->hypothalamus->_______->________->milk secretion

A

posterior lobe; oxytocin
(positive feedback)

-higher brain centers start process early

55
Q

dehydration increases osmolarity of blood; _____ is released

A

ADH (water retention)

56
Q

pineal gland (3)

A

produces serotonin in the day and melatonin at night
receives input from the retina
regulate timing in puberty

57
Q

thymus

A

superior to the heart

secretes hormones to regulate development of T-lymphocytes

58
Q

thyroid gland (2)

A

largest endocrine gland; high rate of blood flow

triggers release of GH

59
Q

colliod

A

a suspension of amino acids

60
Q

C cell

A

calcitonin produced that decrease Ca in blood; bone formation

61
Q

PTH

A

increases blood Ca levels

promotes synthesis of calcitriol by kidneys

62
Q

Adrenal Medulla origin? Cortex?

A

neural in origin; epithelial

63
Q

adrenal medulla?

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) ganglion that consists of chromaffin cells

64
Q

chromaffin cells

A

modified neurons (no projections)

65
Q

What does the adrenal medulla stimulate?

A

the release of catacholamines (E, NE, and a little dopamine)

66
Q

Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate ______

A

cortex

67
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A 
zona glomerulosa (outer)
zona fasciculata (middle)
zona reticularis (inner)
68
Q

zona glomerulosa (3)

A

mineralocorticoids

  • control electrolyte balance
  • aldosterone promotes (3)Na+ retention and (2)K+ excretion
69
Q

zona fasciculata (3)

A

glucocorticoid

  • allows the body to deal with stress and heal
  • stimulates fat and protein catabolism
70
Q

zona reticularis (2)

A

sex steroids

-promotes testosterone in females

71
Q

pancreatic endocrine hormones

A

islets

72
Q

insulin in pancreatic hormones (5)

A 
beta cells
secrete after CHO meal and increase Glu levels
stimulate Glu  and amino acid uptake
nutrient storage
antagonize glucagon
73
Q

glucagon in pancreatic hormones (2)

A

alpha cells

secrete during fasting (between meals) or low CHO and high protein diets

74
Q

somatostatin in pancreatic hormones

A

delta cells

secrete with rise in blood Glu and amino acids after meal

75
Q

hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose (5)

A 
GH
E
NE
glucagon
glucocortiocoid (zona fasciculata)
76
Q

hypoglycemic hormoes lower blood glucose (1)

A

insulin

77
Q

follicles of the ovaries are surrounded by _______

A

granulosa cells

78
Q

granulosa produces what during the first half of the menstrual cycle

A

estradiol

79
Q

corpus luteum

A

forms from the follicle after ovulation

produces estradiol and progesterone

80
Q

What are the purposes of estradiol and progesterone? (3)

A

development of female reproductive system
regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy
prepare mammary glands for lactation

81
Q

the ___ ___ in the testes produce testosterone and estrogen

A

interstitial cells

82
Q

What is the function of testosterone? (2)

A

development of male reproductive system

sustain sperm production and sex drive

83
Q

What are 6 other organs with endocrine functions?

A 
heart
kidney
skin
liver
stomach and intestines
placenta
84
Q

What 3 classes can hormones be classified in?

A

lipid
amino acid
peptide

85
Q

lipid derivatives of hormones (2)

A

eicosanoids (derived from arachidonic acids)

steroid (similar to cholesterol)

86
Q

amino acid derivatives of hormones (2)

A

tyrosine

tryptophan

87
Q

tyrosine and be divided into _____ and ______

A 
thyroid hormone (2 tyrosines; dipeptide)
catecholamines (monoamines)
88
Q

monoamines and peptides are _______; they are transported via _____

A

hydrophilic; blood

89
Q

steroids and thyroid hormones are _____; they must be ____ to be transported

A

hydrophobic; bound

90
Q

bound hormone

A

protects hormone from enzyme and kidney infection

91
Q

unbound hormone

A

leaves capillaries to reach the target cell

92
Q

transport proteins in blood:
albumin, thyretin, and TGB bind to _____
steroid hormone binds to _______
aldosterone _____

A

thyroid hormone
globulins
no transport protein

93
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels to control hormone release

94
Q

neural stimuli

A

nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic influence to control hormone release

95
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

positive and negative feedback to control hormone release

96
Q

dropping of blood Ca levels stimulates what?

This is an example of _____ stimuli

A

parathyroid hormone

humoral

97
Q

Oxytocin (suckling of baby) is an example of ____ stimuli

A

neural

98
Q

Control of thyroid hormone release is an an example of ____ stimuli

A

hormonal

99
Q

hormone receptors can be found both ___ and ____

A

on the surface and intracelluarally

100
Q

hydrophobic hormones bind where

A

penetrate the plasma membrane and enter the nucleus (intracellular)

101
Q

hydrophilic hormones bind where

A

bind to the cell surface receptors

102
Q

Example of Thyroid Hormone
With hydrophobic hormones the hormone passes through the plasma membrane into the nucleus to bind receptors forming the ______. This then ____ into ____. Basically ____ ____ happens

A

hormone receptor complex; translocates; DNA; gene activation

103
Q

What other effects does TH have (2)

A

bind to mitochondria receptors- increase aerobic respiration

bind to ribosomes-increase protein synthesis

104
Q

Steps for second messenger system for hydrophilic hormones (5)

A
  1. hormone binds activate G protein
  2. G protein binds GTP
  3. produce cAMP
  4. Activates PKA
  5. Activates enzymes
105
Q

What are some metabolic reactions that can occur from second messenger system? (4)

A

change protein synthesis
activate or inactivate enzyme
trigger secretion
change membrane potentials

106
Q

How can you trigger the termination of signal for hydrophilic hormones? (3)

A

stop release of hormone
deactivate G protein by hydrolysis
breakdown cAMP

107
Q

What are some advantages for second messenger system? (3)

A

amplification
regulation
cross talk between systems

108
Q

UP regulation includes (2)

A

increase synthesis of receptors

reduce rate of degradation of receptors

109
Q

DOWN regulation includes (2)

A

reduce synthesis of receptors

increase rate of degradation of receptors

110
Q

What types of effects can hormones have when they interact?(3)

A

permissive
synergistic
antagonistic

111
Q

permissive effects

A

additive; 2 dif hormones using the same second messenger system

112
Q

synergistic effects

A

exponential; 2 dif hormones using dif second messenger systems

Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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