Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 Anatomy > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the kidneys located at in relation to the peritoneum and the vertebra

A

retroperitoneum - behind the peritoneum containing the abdominal organs

Lateral to the thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At which vertebral levels are the kidneys located at

A

Right - L1-L3
Left - T12 -L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is the right kidney at a more inferior vertebral level than the left

A

Due to the size of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At which quadrants are the kidneys located at

A

Flank (lumbar region) or Upper quadrant regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are there any ribs protecting the kidneys

A

Yes, ribs 11 and 12 are posterior to the kidneys (right behind, no other organs in between) and offer some protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are ribs 11 and 12 called the floating ribs

A

Because they do not attach to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What may occur if ribs 11 and 12 fracture

A

the sharp displaced ends can lacerate the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure is lateral to the kidneys

A

3 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure is medial to the kidneys

A

Renal hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures make up the renal hilum

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What structures are anterior to the kidneys- from deep to superficial

A

Renal capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal deep fascia
Paranephric fat
Visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structures lie posterior to the kidneys

A

Quadratus lumberus
Psoas major (posteromedially)
Ribs 11 and 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name A-G

A

A- visceral peritoneum
B- paranephric fat
C- renal fascia
D- perinephric fat
E- renal capsule
F- quadratus lumborus (left)
G- psoas major (left)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Right kidney lies posteriorly to which organs

A

Liver
Hepatorenal recess
2nd part of the duodenum
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the second part of duodenum

A

descending part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Left kidney lies posteriorly to which organs

A

Stomach
Tail of the pancreas
Hilum of the spleen
Splenic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name A and B

A

A- hepatorenal recess
B- subphrenic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name A-E

A

A- subphrenic space
B- hepatorenal recess
C- Inferior vena cava
D- abdominal aorta
E- duodenum (descending part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What gland lies on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name A-D

A

A- spleen
B- splenic artery
C- splenic vein
D- adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe balloting of the kidneys

A

palpate posteriorly within just inferior to 12th rib (costovertebral angle) AND palpate anteriorly within the flank region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a renal papilla

A

The apex of renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the flow of urine to the bladder

A
  1. Urine formed by the renal pyramids
  2. Minor calyx collects urine from the pyramid
  3. Several minor calyx join together to form major calyx
  4. Urine pass through major calyx to reach the renal pelvis
  5. Urine drains into the ureter from the renal pelvis then to the bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name A-I

A

A- renal cortex
B- renal papilla
C- minor calyx
D- major calyx
E- renal pelvis
F- ureter
G- renal column
H- renal pyramid
I- renal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is renal sinus

A

Compartment inside the kidney that uses fat to cushion the calyx / renal pelvis/ vessels etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the variations of kidneys

A

Bifid renal pelvis (most common)
Bifid ureter
Unilateral duplicated ureter
Retrocaval ureter
Horseshoe kidney
Ectopic pelvis kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name A-E

A

A- bifid renal pelvis
B- bifid ureter and unilateral duplicated ureter
C- retrocaval ureter
D- horseshoe kidney
E- ectopic pelvis kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is retrocaval ureter

A

When the ureter is BEHIND the IVC instead of anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 3 constriction sites of the ureter

A

Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crossing the common iliac artery
Vesicoureteric junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What gives the renal pyramids a striped appearance

A

Regularly arranged nephrons running axially towards the apex of each pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the renal corpuscle contain

A

glomerulus - consist of capillaries and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Function of glomerulus

A

Filtration - 20% of the plasma entering the glomerulus is filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood enters the glomerulus via ______ and exits via _______

A

Enters via afferent arteriole
Exits via efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name A-I

A

A- afferent arteriole
B- juxtaglomerular cells
C- foot processes of podocytes
D- podocytes
E- glomerular basement membrane
F- proximal tubule
G- mesangial cells
H- extraglomerular mesangial cells
I- efferent arteriole
J- Distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Function of juxtaglomerular cells

A

Secrete renin - for RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What triggers the release of renin

A

Lower perfusion in the afferent arteriole = lower blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What substances are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

100% of glucose and amino acids
67% salt and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What substances are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

100% of glucose and amino acids
67% salt and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What substances are secreted into PCT

A

H+
Bile
Uric acids
Drugs
Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

PCT is smaller / larger than DCT

A

Larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why does PCT have less well defined margins on histology than DCT

A

Due to presence of brush borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of loop of Henle

A

create a hyperosmotic environment in the medulla for urine concentration and conserving water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does hyper osmotic environment of the medulla help with urine concentration

A

Allows water remaining in the fluid at collecting duct to be reabsorbed hence water is conserved and also there is less water in urine = more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the vasa recta

A

the capillary network surrounding the loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the osmolality in vasa recta as it goes down the descending limb and go back up in the ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

Osmolality rises as it dips down into the medulla (hyper osmotic medulla)
Osmolality falls as it rises up into the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The blood flow to vasa recta is high / low. Why is that

A

low, in order to allow sufficient time for passive diffusion of solutes and water to maintain the concentration gradient in medulla (prevent washout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Function of distal convoluted tubule

A

Contols acid-base and water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in DCT

A

water
NaCl
HCO3-
Ca2+, Mg2+, K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What substances are secreted into DCT

A

H+
K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What hormone regulates K+ excretion in DCT

A

aldosterone - increase in aldosterone = hypokalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What hormone regulates Na+ reabsorption in DCT

A

Aldosterone - increase in aldosterone = more reabsorbed = hypernatraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Function of collecting duct

A

Reabsorption of water, influenced by ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the effect of ADH on collecting duct

A

increases permeability of collecting duct -> increase water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The right and left renal arteries arise from

A

abdominal aorta

56
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta branch into renal arteries

A

between L1 and L2

57
Q

The right and left renal veins drain into

A

inferior vena cava

58
Q

The renal veins are anterior/ posterior to the renal arteries

A

Anterior to the renal arteries

59
Q

The lymph from the kidney drains into

A

lumbar nodes

60
Q

Where are the lumbar nodes located at

A

around the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

61
Q

At which point does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

L4, level of umbilicus

bifurcates into right and left common iliac arteries

62
Q

The lymph from the ureters drain into

A

Lumbar nodes
Iliac nodes

63
Q

Where are the iliac nodes located at

A

around the common, internal and external iliac vessels

64
Q

Describe the blood supply to the ureters

A

Branches from
- renal artery
- abdominal aorta
- common iliac artery
- internal iliac artery
- vesical artery

65
Q

Name A-M

A

A- right suprarenal vein
B- coeliac trunk
C- superior mesenteric artery
D- right renal artery
E- right renal vein
F- inferior mesenteric artery
G- left superior suprarenal artery
H- left middle suprarenal artery
I- left inferior suprarenal artery
J- left renal artery
K- renal vein
L- left common iliac artery
M- left common iliac vein

66
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta branch into suprarenal arteries

A

T12

67
Q

Name A and B

A

A- lumbar nodes
B- external iliac nodes

68
Q

Name A-E

A

A- T12
B- coeliac trunk
C- superior mesenteric artery
D- L1
E- L4

69
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the ureters

A
  1. arise from the renal pelvis -> 1st constriction site = ureteropelvic junction
  2. pass anterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis -> second constriction site
  3. At the level of the ischial spine, they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
  4. 3rd constriction site = vesicoureteric junction
70
Q

In what way does the ureter enter the bladder

A

inferomedially, to prevent the reflux of urine

71
Q

In females, the ureter runs

A

posteriorly to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery

72
Q

In males, the ureter runs

A

posteriorly to vas deferans

73
Q

What are the 2 pouches in females

A

Uterovesical pouch
Rectouterine pouch

74
Q

What is the pouch in males

A

Rectovesical pouch

75
Q

Name A-E

A

A- uterine tube
B- external iliac vessels
C- Uterovesical pouch
D- ureter
E- Rectouterine pouch

76
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ureter

A

transitional cell epithelium

77
Q

Describe the innervation of the kidneys and ureter

A

sympathetic fibres from T10-L2
parasympathetic fibres from CN X

78
Q

Describe the visceral afferent innervation of the kidneys

A

Run alongside with the sympathetic nerve fibres to enter T11-L1

79
Q

If something is wrong with the kidneys, why do patients feel it at the loin area

A

Because the visceral afferent of the kidneys enter the spinal cord at T11-L1 and the dermatome covering the loin area is by T11-L1 as well

80
Q

Describe the visceral afferent innervation of the ureters

A

Runs alongside with the sympathetic fibres to enter T11-L2

81
Q

Pain in the ureter is often felt at

A

anywhere along the path of visceral afferent fibres

82
Q

What is the pelvic floor muscle

A

levator ani - makes up the pelvic diaphragm

83
Q

The pelvic floor muscle separates between

A

pelvis and perineum

84
Q

What is trigone in bladder

A

smooth triangular area formed by the 2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

85
Q

What is the muscle that lines most of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

86
Q

Function of detrusor muscle

A

Contracts to push urine out

Encircles the ureteric orifices and contracts when the bladder contracts in order to prevent reflux of urine

Forms the internal urethral sphincter muscle in males to prevent the reflux of semen during ejaculation

87
Q

Name A-F

A

A- detrusor muscle
B- trigone area (smooth area)
C- prostate gland
D- urethra
E- internal urethral orifice
F- ureteric orifices

88
Q

Where are the ureteric orifices located at

A

base of the bladder

89
Q

Describe the location of the bladder

A

Most anterior organ in the pelvis
Posterior to pubic bone when empty

90
Q

Describe the changes that occur when the bladder starts to fill

A
  1. When the bladder is empty, it is located in the true pelvis and it’s superior part is covered by the peritoneum
  2. When it begins to fill, it can enter the false pelvis, superior above the pubic bone but it’s superior part is still in contact with the peritoneum
91
Q

Which part of the bladder is always in contact with the peritoneum

A

superior part

92
Q

Describe the location of the bladder in females

A

Uterus is superior to the bladder in an anteflexed (bent forward) way
Separated by uterovesical pouch

93
Q

Describe the location of the bladder in males

A

Prostate gland lies inferior to the bladder
Rectum is posterior to the bladder, separated by rectovesical pouch

94
Q

What are the 2 routes of catheterisation

A

Urethral route
Suprapubic route

95
Q

Under what condition can the suprapubic route be performed

A

Bladder needs to be full so that it becomes superior to the pubic bone, preventing damaging other organs of the peritoneum

96
Q

Name A-F

A

A- bladder
B- Internal urethral orifice
C- urethra
D- levator ani muscle position
E- external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
F- external urethral orifice

97
Q

Do females have internal urethral sphincter

A

No

98
Q

The external urethral sphincter is a involuntary/voluntary muscle

A

Voluntary

99
Q

Which structure is at around the same level as the external urethral sphincter

A

Levator ani muscle - so anything below the external urethral sphincter = perineum

100
Q

Name A-G

A

A- internal urethral orifice
B- internal urethral sphincter
C- prostate gland
D- prostatic urethra
E- External urethral sphincter
F- spongy urethra
G- external urethral orifice

101
Q

Describe the innervation of the bladder

A

Sympathetic - from T10-L2
Parasympathetic - from S2-S4 carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves

102
Q

Describe the visceral afferent (sensory) innervation of the bladder

A

The part that touches the peritoneum:
- Runs along with the sympathetic fibres and enter T11-L2

The part that does not touch the peritnoneum
- Runs along with the parasympathetic fibres and enter S2-S4

103
Q

If something is wrong with the bladder, where will the pain be felt at

A

suprapubic area

104
Q

Name A-G

A

A- liver
B- appendix
C- bladder
D- stomach
E- duodenum and pancreas
F- kidneys and ureters
G- liver and gallbladder

105
Q

Inside the scrotum, the testis sits within

A

tunica vaginalis

106
Q

During development, where was the testis located at and how does it end up in the scrotum

A

It was located at the posterior abdomen
It then descends down through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

107
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

Seminiferous tubule

108
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A

A collection of
- testicular artery
- pampniferous plexus
- vas deferens
- lymphs
- nerves
for the functioning of the testes

109
Q

What nerves are contained in the spermatic cord

A

Autonomic nerves for smooth muscles
Somatic nerves (voluntary) for cremaster muscle

110
Q

What is the vas deferens

A

Transports sperm from the seminiferous tubule
It begins at the inferior pole of testis

111
Q

What happens when the spermatic cord twists

A

Testicular torsion = ischaemia of testes

112
Q

Name A-D

A

A- parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
B- testis covered by visceral layer
C- epididymis covered by visceral layer
D- spermatic cord covered by visceral layer

113
Q

Name A-E

A

A- potential space of tunica vaginalis (between the visceral and parietal layers)
B- seminiferous tubules
C- vas deferen
D- epididymis
E- spermatic cord

114
Q

What blood vessels supply the testis

A

Left and right testicular arteries

115
Q

What veins drain the testis and where does it drain into

A

(pampniform plexus drains into the testicular veins)
Right testicular vein drains into the IVC
Left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein then into IVC

116
Q

How do the vessels pass in and out of the pelvis and abdominal cavity

A

Through deep inguinal ring

117
Q

Which artery sits above the left renal vein

A

Superior mesenteric artery

118
Q

Name A-F

A

A- right testicular artery
B- right testicular vein
C- deep inguinal ring
D- left renal vein
E- left testicular artery
F- left testicular vein

119
Q

Name A-G

A

A- abdominal aorta
B- IVC
C- right testicular vein
D- right testicular artery
E- inferior mesenteric artery
F- left testicular artery
G- left testicular vein

120
Q

Describe the route of ejaculation

A
  1. Sperm carried by vas deferens exit the scrotum via deep inguinal ring
  2. it then turns medially and into the pelvis
  3. then goes posterior to the bladder
  4. Receives contributions from the seminal vesicle at the ejaculatory duct
  5. Semen and sperm pass into prostatic urethra
121
Q

Name A-D

A

A- prostate gland
B- vas deferans
C- seminal gland
D- ejaculatory duct

122
Q

Name A-C

A

A- prostatic ducts
B- openings of ejaculatory ducts
C- prostate

123
Q

What is inferior to the prostate gland

A

levator ani muscle (pelvic floor muscle)
hence the external urethral sphincter will be somewhere there too

124
Q

What are the zones of the prostate gland

A

Central
Peripheral
Transitional

125
Q

Which condition commonly arise from the peripheral zone of prostate

A

Prostate cancer

126
Q

Which condition commonly arise from the transitional zone of prostate

A

BPH

127
Q

Which zone of prostate is felt in PR exam

A

Peripheral zone

128
Q

Lymph from the testis drain into

A

lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta (paraaortic lymph nodes)

129
Q

Lymph from the scrotum and penis drain into

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes in the superficial fascia in the groin

130
Q

Name A-D

A

A- corpus cavernosum
B- corpus spongiosum
C- glans
D- external urethral orifice

131
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum transport

A

spongy urethra

132
Q

What does the corps cavernosum transport

A

deep arteries of the penis

133
Q

Deep arteries of the penis are branches of

A

internal pudendal artery which is a branch of internal iliac artery

134
Q

What is the blood supply to the scrotum

A

internal pudendal artery and branches from the external iliac artery

135
Q

Name A-E

A

A- internal iliac artery
B- external iliac artery
C- middle rectal artery
D- internal pudendal artery
E- inferior gluteal artery

136
Q

Describe the visceral afferent innervation of testis

A

Visceral afferents run with sympathetic fibres to T10-T11 = pain in lower abdomen

Testis is very close to scrotal wall (body wall) so pain can be felt at groin area as well

137
Q

Describe the visceral afferents of urethra

A

visceral afferent of proximal urethra (above levator ani) runs along with parasympathetic fibres to S2-S4

Somatic sensory of distal urethra are carried by pudendal nerve to S2-S4 = localised pain within the perineum

Y2 Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions