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Y2 Anatomy > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is oral vestibule

A

The area located between the internal surface of the lips and external surface of the teeth

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2
Q

What is the oral cavity proper

A

The area located between the internal surface of teeth and the oropharynx

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3
Q

Boundaries of oropharynx

A

soft palate -> epiglottis

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4
Q

2 parts of palate

A

Hard palate - bone (maxilla)
Soft palate - muscle fibres covered by mucous membrane

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5
Q

What structures pass through the incisive foramen

A

Nasopalatine nerve
Greater palatine artery

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6
Q

Nasopalatine nerve is a branch of

A

CN V2 Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

Name A-E

A

A- incisive foramen
B- Palatine bone
C- Lesser palatine foramen
D- Greater palatine foramen
E- minor salivary glands in palatal mucosa

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8
Q

The soft palate is made of

A

5 muscles

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9
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Muscle of the uvula

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10
Q

Function of the soft palate

A

Elevates and tenses when swallowing to prevent the passage of food into nasal cavity

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11
Q

Function of tensor veli palatini

A

Tenses palatine aponeurosis

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12
Q

Function of levator veli palatini

A

Elevates palatine aponeurosis

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13
Q

Function of palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Elevates the pharynx and depresses soft palate

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14
Q

Function of palatoglossus muscle

A

Depress the soft palate
Elevate the posterior portion of the tongue

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15
Q

Function of muscle of uvula

A

Shortens the uvula

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16
Q

Innervation of the soft palate muscles

A

All innervated by CN X EXCEPT tensor veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini - CN V3

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17
Q

Name A-E

A

A- tensor veli palatini
B- levator veli palatini
C- palatine tonsil
D- Palatopharyngeus
E- palatoglossus

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18
Q

Name A-D

A

A- tensor veli palatini
B- levator veli palatini
C- palatine aponeurosis
D- Eustachian tube

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19
Q

name A-D

A

A- levator veli palatini
B- muscle of uvula
C- tensor veli palatini
D- palatopharyngeus

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20
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the palate

A

Hard palate - Nasopalatine nerve
Soft palate - Lesser palatine nerve

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21
Q

Describe the secretomotor innervation of the glands in hard palate

A

Facial nerve CN VII

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22
Q

What does the greater palatine nerve innervate

A

Sensory innervation of glands of hard palate

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23
Q

Describe the innervation of anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

General sensory - lingual nerve of CN V3
Special sensory - chorda tympani CN VII

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24
Q

Describe the innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

General sensory and special sensory - glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

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25
Q

Name A-D

A

A- foliate papillae
B- vallate papillae
C- fungiform papillae
D- filiform papillae

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26
Q

Which papillae of the tongue have taste buds

A

Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform

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27
Q

Function of filiform papillae

A

For touch, temperature

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28
Q

Function of the saliva

A

Moisten food for swallowing
Initiate digestion of carbohydrates
Control bacterial flora
Provide a medium for dissolved food to stimulate taste buds

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29
Q

Name A-D

A

A- parotid gland
B- submandibular gland
C- submandibular duct
D- sublingual gland

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30
Q

Where is the parotid duct opening located at

A

Upper 2nd molar teeth

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31
Q

Where does the submandibular drain into

A

drains into the floor of mouth via sublingual caruncle

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32
Q

Where does the sublingual gland drain into

A

Floor of the mouth via several ducts

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33
Q

Name A-F

A

A- sublingual ducts
B- sublingual gland
C- submandibular duct
D- submandibular gland
E- parotid duct
F- Parotid gland

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34
Q

The parotid gland is innervated by

A

glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

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35
Q

The sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by

A

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII and lingual branch of CN V3

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36
Q

What are the secretory units of salivary gland called

A

serous acinus - secretes enzymes
mucous acinus - secretes mucin

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37
Q

Describe the difference in staining of the acini

A

Serous acinus - dark staining
Mucous acinus - clear grey staining

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38
Q

Which salivary gland has the most serous acinus (darkest stained in histology)

A

Parotid

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39
Q

Which salivary gland has the most mucous acinus (lightest stained)

A

Sublingual

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40
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

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41
Q

Name A-E

A

A- palatoglossus
B- styloglossus
C- hyoglossus
D- geniohyoid
E- genioglossus

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42
Q

Describe the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve CN XII

Except palatoglossus - CN X

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43
Q

Describe the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve CN XII

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44
Q

Name A-D

A

A- opening of the Eustachian tube
B- Adenoid tonsils
C- Palatine tonsil
D- lingual tonsil

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45
Q

Describe the relation between palatine and lingual tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils are continuous inferiorly with the lingual tonsil
The point of attachment = plica triangularis

46
Q

What must be removed in tonsillectomy

A

Plica triangularis

47
Q

What may occur in tonsillectomy due to extensive hypertrophy of the tonsils

A

Bleeding at the base of the tongue due to extensive tissue taken

48
Q

Function of the tonsils

A

Trap bacteria and viruses on inhalation to expose these to the immune system

49
Q

What are the outer circular muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

50
Q

Function of constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

sequential contraction from the superior to inferior to force the bolus of food down

51
Q

What are the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

52
Q

Function of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

Elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx

53
Q

Why is it important to elevate the larynx while swallowing

A

So it closes the larynx to prevent inhaling the food and also opens the upper esophageal sphincter

54
Q

Which nerve innervates the inner pharyngeal muscles

A

Vagus nerve CN X
EXCEPT stylopharyngeus - CN IX glossopharyngeal

55
Q

Name A-F

A

A- stylopharyngeal
B- superior pharyngeal constrictor
C- middle pharyngeal constrictor
D- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
E- salpingopharyngeus
F- palatopharyngeus

56
Q

What is the parapharyngeal space

A

triangular area between the base of skull and hyoid bone

57
Q

What structures lie in the parapharyngeal space

A

Pharyngeal plexus formed by CN IX and CN X

58
Q

What infection may spread to parapharyngeal space

A

tonsillitis

59
Q

Name this space

A

Retropharyngeal space

60
Q

Stimuli of the pharyngeal gag reflex is presented to which parts to trigger it

A

Posterior 1/3 of. tongue
Palatine tonsils
Wall of oropharynx

61
Q

Which nerve senses a stimuli to trigger the gag reflex

A

CN IX

62
Q

Which muscles are involved in the gag reflex

A

Constrictors of the pharynx
Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Tongue
Soft palate

63
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles of the gag reflex

A

Constrictors of the pharynx - CN X
Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx - CN X and CN IX (stylopharyngeus)
Tongue - CN XII except palatoglossus CN X
Soft palate - CN X and CN V3 (tensor veli palatini)

64
Q

Name B-I

A

B- arytenoid cartilage
C- hyoid bone
D- epiglottitis
E- laryngeal promience
F- cricoid cartilage
G- thyrohyoid membrane
H- superior horn of thyroid cartilage
I- inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

65
Q

Name A-F

A

A- vestibular ligament
B- vocal ligament
C- quadrangular membrane
D- conus elasticus
E- vocal process
F- muscular process

66
Q

Describe the borders of quadrangular membrane

A

From epiglottitis -> vestibular ligament

67
Q

Describe the borders of conus elasticus

A

From vocal ligament -> cricoid cartilage

68
Q

Name A-D

A

A- laryngeal inlet
B- false vocal cord (vestibular ligament)
C- Vocal ligament
D- laryngeal ventricle

69
Q

The laryngeal vestibule and laryngeal ventricle are infra/supraglottis

A

supra glottis - above the vocal cords

70
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Suprahyoid muscles (Digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid)
Infrahyoid muscles (thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid)
Stylopharyngeus

71
Q

Function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

suprahyoid and stylopharyngeus muscles move the larynx superiorly
infrahyoid muscles move the larynx inferiorly

72
Q

Name A-J

A

A- mylohyoid
B- Anterior belly of digastric
C- posterior belly of digastric
D- hyoid bone
E- Omohyoid
F- sternohyoid
G- sternocleidomastoid
H- thyrohyoid
I- stylohyoid
J- geniohyoid

73
Q

Function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Control the shape of rima glottidis
Sound production

74
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Arytenoid (transverse and oblique)

75
Q

Name A-E

A

A- transverse arytenoid
B- posterior cricoarytenoid
C- cricothyroid
D- thyroarytenoid
E- lateral cricoarytenoid

76
Q

Function of thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Relaxes the vocal ligament -> decreases the pitch

77
Q

Function of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Adducts vocal ligament = closes the rima glottidis

78
Q

Function of arytenoid muscles

A

Adducts the arytenoid cartilages

79
Q

Function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Abduction of the vocal cord = widens the rima glottidis

80
Q

Function of the cricothyroid muscle

A

Stretches and tenses the vocal ligament -> increases the pitch

81
Q

Describe the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

All by recurrent laryngeal nerve, branch of CN X

EXCEPT cricothyroid - superior laryngeal nerve, branch of CN X

82
Q

What surgery can damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Thyroidectomy

83
Q

Symptoms of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage

A

Hoarseness
Dysphonia
Dyspnoea

84
Q

Describe the cough reflex

A
  1. sensory stimuli in supra glottis conveyed to brainstem via superior laryngeal nerve CN X
  2. glottic closure by lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles
  3. Intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles contract to increase body cavity pressure
  4. glottic release air at high velocity
85
Q

What are the blood vessels that supply the larynx

A

Superior laryngeal artery
inferior laryngeal artery

86
Q

Superior laryngeal artery is a branch of

A

superior thyroid artery, a branch from external carotid artery

87
Q

Inferior laryngeal artery is a branch of

A

Inferior thyroid artery

88
Q

Name A-I

A

A- superior thyroid artery
B- superior laryngeal artery
C- Inferior laryngeal artery
D- Inferior thyroid artery
E- Right subclavian artery
F- Brachiocephalic trunk
G- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
H- superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch)
I- Vagus nerve

89
Q

Describe the course of facial nerve

A
  1. Arise from the pons beginning as 2 roots - sensory and motor
  2. The 2 roots then travel through internal acoustic meatus to enter the temporal bone
  3. Enters the facial canal
  4. The 2 roots fuse to form the facial nerve
  5. then forms the geniculate ganglion and give rise to its branches
  6. the facial nerve then exits the facial canal via stylomastoid foramen and give off its motor branches
90
Q

What are the branches of facial nerve formed after it enters the internal acoustic meatus

A

Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani

91
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve is formed in the facial canal

A

Chorda tympani

92
Q

Where does the greater petrosal nerve arise from

A

at geniculate ganglion

93
Q

Function of greater petrosal nerve

A

parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal gland and mucous glands (pharynx, palate and nasal cavity)

94
Q

Function of nerve to stapedius

A

motor fibres to stapedius muscle of the middle ear

95
Q

Function of chorda tympani

A

Special sensory fibres to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Parasympathetic fibres to submandibular and sublingual glands

96
Q

Name A-G

A

A- nerve to stapedius
B- geniculate ganglion
C- mastoid air cells
D- stylomastoid foramen
E- chorda tympani
F- pterygopalatine ganglion
G- facial canal

97
Q

How does chorda tympani leave the cranium

A

via petrotympanic fissure

98
Q

What are the motor branches of facial nerve

A

Nerve to stapedius (given off at facial canal)
Posterior auricular nerve
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle
Nerve to stylohyoid muscle
5 motor branches for muscles of facial expression

99
Q

Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle, posterior auricular nerve, nerve to stylohyoid muscle all arise at

A

between stylomastoid foramen and parotid gland

100
Q

Where do the 5 branches for muscles of facial expression arise at

A

within the parotid gland

101
Q

Name A-G

A

A- temporal branch
B- Zygomatic branch
C- Buccal branch
D- Marginal branch
E- Cervical branch
F- posterior auricular branch
G- parotid gland

102
Q

The chorda tympani combines with _____ nerve to form the _____

A

Combine with lingual nerve to form the submandibular ganglion

103
Q

Where does chorda tympani join with lingual nerve

A

Infratemporal fossa

104
Q

Lingual nerve is a branch of

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CN V3

105
Q

Function of lingual nerve

A

General sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue

106
Q

What happens if facial nerve is damaged due to intracranial lesions

A

Dry eyes
Dry mucous membranes
Dry mouth
Loss of taste
Facial paralysis

107
Q

Describe the route of greater petrosal nerve

A
  1. Branches off from facial nerve before entering the facial canal
  2. Goes along the hiatus for greater petrosal nerve and carries presynaptic parasympathetic fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion
  3. Deep petrosal nerve joins with the greater petrosal nerve and travels to the ganglion but does not synapse there
  4. Parasympathetic nerve fibres from greater petrosal nerve synapses at the ganglion
  5. Post synaptic parasympathetic fibres travel to the lacrimal gland and mucosa
108
Q

What type of nerve fibres synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres

109
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerve fibres of greater petrosal nerve go to

A

lacrimal gland
Pharynx
Palate
Nasal mucosa

110
Q

What nerve fibres does deep petrosal nerve carry

A

Post-synaptic SYMPATHETIC nerve fibres to the pharynx, palate and nasal mucosa

111
Q

Which nerves pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion but do not synapse

A

Deep petrosal nerve
CN V2 (only sensory)

Y2 Anatomy (10 decks)

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