Endocrine Flashcards
What is diencephalon
Central part of cerebrum located above the brainstem containing thalamus and hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is connected to
Pituitary gland by infundibulum
Where is the pituitary gland located
sits within the pituitary fossa
of sphenoid bone
Where is the pituitary fossa located at
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
What structure is immediately above pituitary gland
Optic chiasm
Name A-C
A- optic chiasm
B- infundibulum
C- pituitary gland
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes
ACTH
GH
TSH
FSH
LH
prolactin
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes
ADH
Oxytocin
Name A-G
A- oculomotor nerve
B- trochlear nerve
C- CN V1
D- CN V2
E- Abducens nerve
G- Internal carotid artery
Name A-E
A- pars tuberalis
B- pars distalis
C- pars intermedia
D- pars nervosa
E- Optic chiasm
The cranial cavity is lined by
Dura mata
What are the 2 special parts of dura mata
Diaphragma sella
Tentorium cerebelli
What is diaphragm sella
tough sheet of dura mata forming roof (diaphragm) over pituitary fossa
What is tentorium cerebelli
sheet of dura mata that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes (covers the top of cerebellum)
What are the dural venous sinuses
Venous channels within the dura matar that drains into the internal jugular veins
Example of a dural venous sinus
Cavernous sinus
What vein drains into cavernous sinuses
superior and inferior ophthalmic vein
Where does cavernous sinus drain to
internal petrosal sinuses then eventually internal jugular vein
Where are the cavernous sinuses located at
Either side of sella turcica
What are the other structures in cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
CN V1
CN V2
Abducens nerve
Where do the internal jugular veins exit the cranium
Jugular foramen
Name A-C
A- anterior intercavernous sinus
B- cavernous sinus
C- internal jugular veins exiting at jugular foramen
What are the ways of surgical access to pituitary fossa
Transcranial
Transsphenoidal
Describe transsphenoidal surgery
Gets to the pituitary gland via nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus
Requires surgical fracture of the nasal septum and floor, and roof of sphenoid sinuses
There are different ways of surgical fractures for transsphenoidal surgery. Which one allows better access in complicated cases
Le fort I
What happens if oculomotor nerve is damaged due to pituitary gland enlargement
Unable to move eyes in several directions except abduction and inferiorly + laterally
Ptosis
Dilated pupil (because oculomotor nerve provides parasympathetic fibres to sphincter pupillae muscle in iris)
What happens if trigeminal nerve is damaged due to pituitary gland enlargement
Parasthesia of face
Difficulty masticating
What are the fascial compartments of the neck
Superficial fascia
Investing fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath
Pretracheal fascia
What structure is within the superficial fascia of neck (immediately deep to skin)
Platysma muscle
Innervation of platysma muscle
CN VII (it is muscle of facial expression)
What does the carotid sheath contain
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Internal jugular vein
Deep cervical lymph nodes
What structures are the the pre tracheal fascia
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Oesophagus
Strap muscles (external larynx muscles)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Innervation of the strap muscles
ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus from C1-C3 EXCEPT thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid - C1
During development, where was the thyroid gland located at and how does it end up at the current position
- At 4th week of development, it begins as midline proliferation between anterior and posterior tongue = foramen caecum = origin of thyroid gland
- migrates inferiorly via thyroglossal duct
- reaches its final position in the 7th week of development
- the thyroglossal duct will regress in most people
- by 12 weeks, the thyroid gland can start iodine uptake and respond to TSH
What happens if thyroglossal duct did not regress
Thyroglossal cysts may form
What happens if thyroid gland fails to develop
congenital hypothyroidism
What is the part of thyroid gland between the 2 lobes called
isthmus of thyroid gland
What structures are located at the posterior surface of thyroid gland
4 Parathyroid glands
Where is the isthmus located at
anterior to 2nd or 3rd tracheal cartilage
What is a pyramidal lobe
Remnant of thyroglossal duct
Which lobe does pyramidal lobe usually originate from
Left lobe
Name A-F
A- right carotid sheath
B- pre tracheal fascia
C- trachea
D- parathyroid gland
E- recurrent laryngeal nerves
F- oesophagus
What is the blood supply to thyroid gland
Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery arise from
Thyrocervical trunk - branch from subclavian artery
Name A-E
A- external carotid artery
B- superior thyroid artery
C- inferior thyroid artery
D- thyrocervical trunk
E- right subclavian artery
What veins drain the thyroid gland
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
Where do the thyroid veins drain into
Superior and middle - internal jugular vein
Inferior - brachiocephalic vein
Where does the lymph from thyroid gland drain into
paratracheal and deep cervical nodes
Name A-C
A- superior deep cervical lymph nodes
B- inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
C- Pretracheal node (red)
Paratracheal node (green)
Lymph from the right side drains into
Right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle
Lymph from the left side drains into
thoracic duct -> left venous angle
