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Y2 Anatomy > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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2
Q

Function of gluteus Maximus

A

Main extensor of the hip

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3
Q

Function of gluteus medius

A

Abduct the thigh
Medially rotate the thigh at hip

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4
Q

Function of gluteus minimus

A

Abduct the thigh
Medially rotate the thigh

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5
Q

Name A-E

A

A- Gluteus medius
B- Iliac crest
C- Gluteus maximus
D- Gluteus minimus
E- Obturator internus

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6
Q

Innervation of gluteus Maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2

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7
Q

Innervation of gluteus medius

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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8
Q

Innervation of gluteus minimus

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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9
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles

A

Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

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10
Q

Function of piriformis

A

Abduction of the thigh
Lateral rotation of the thigh

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11
Q

Function of piriformis

A

Abduction of the thigh
Lateral rotation of the thigh

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12
Q

Function of superior and inferior gemelli

A

Abduction of the thigh
Lateral rotation of the thigh

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13
Q

Function of obturator internus

A

Abduction of the thigh
lateral rotation of the thigh

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14
Q

Function of quadratus femoris

A

Lateral rotation of the thigh

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15
Q

Innervation of piriformis muscle

A

Anterior rami of S1 S2 (nerve to piriformis

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16
Q

Innervation of superior and inferior gemelli

A

Superior - nerve to obturator internus L5-S2
Inferior - nerve to quadratus femoris L4-S1

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17
Q

Innervation of quadratus femoris

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris L4-S1

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18
Q

Innervation of obturator internus

A

Nerve to obturator internus L5-S2

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19
Q

Name A-K

A

A- gluteus maximus
B- Piriformis
C- Superior gemelli
D- Obturator internus
E- Inferior gemelli
F- Ischial tuberosity
G- gluteus medius
H- Gluteus minimus
I- Tensor fascia lata
J- quadratus femoris
K- iliotibial band

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20
Q

Where do the gluteal muscles attach to

A

Greater trochanter of femur

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21
Q

How do nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum

A

Through greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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22
Q

What structures form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

A

Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament

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23
Q

Name A-E

A

A- greater sciatic foramen
B- sacrospinous ligament
C- Lesser sciatic foramen
D- sacrotuberous ligament
E- obturator foramen

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24
Q

Greater sciatic foramen allows

A

Nerves to exit/enter the pelvis

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25
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen allows

A

Nerves to exit/enter the perineum

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26
Q

The greater sciatic foramen is further divided into 2 parts by

A

Piriformis muscle - divides into suprapiriform and infrapiriform parts

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27
Q

What nerves passes through the greater sciatic foramen

A

Sciatic nerve L4-S3
Pudendal nerve S2-S4
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh S1-S3
Inferior gluteal nerve
Nerve to obturator internus
Nerve to quadratus femoris

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28
Q

Nerve roots of pudendal nerve

A

S2-S4

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29
Q

Innervation of pudendal nerve

A

motor:
- external urethral sphincter
- external anal sphincter
Sensory:
- perineum
- external genitalia
- external skin around anus

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30
Q

Nerve roots of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

S1-S3

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31
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervation

A

Sensory - posterior thigh

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32
Q

Describe the anatomical course of sciatic nerve

A

Enters the thigh via greater sciatic foramen
Inferior to piriformis
Splits into tibial and common fibular nerves at distal 1/3 of thigh

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33
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh

A

Sartorius
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Quadriceps femoris - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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34
Q

Where does psoas major originate from

A

T12-L4

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35
Q

Where does iliopsoas muscle attach to

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

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36
Q

Where does quadriceps femoris origin from

A

ASIS

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37
Q

Where does quadriceps femoris attach to

A

Quadricep tendon -> patella -> patellar tendon -> tibial tuberosity

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38
Q

Name A-J

A

A- Iliacus
B- tensor fascia lata
C- Rectus femoris
D- Vastus lateralis
E- Psoas major
F- Pectineus
G- Sartorius
H- Vastus medialis
I- Quadricep tendon
J- Patellar tendon

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39
Q

Function of sartorius

A

Flexion of thigh
Lateral rotation of thigh

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40
Q

Function of iliopsoas

A

Flexion of thigh

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41
Q

Function of pectineus

A

Flexion of thigh

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42
Q

Function of quadriceps femoris

A

Extension of leg

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43
Q

Innervation of the iliopsoas

A

Iliacus - femoral nerve L2-L4
Psoas major - anterior rami of L1-L3

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44
Q

Innervation of quadriceps femoris

A

Femoral nerve L2-L4

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45
Q

Innervation of sartorius

A

Femoral nerve L2-L4

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46
Q

Innervation of pectineus

A

Femoral nerve L2-L4

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47
Q

What structures form the extensor mechanism of leg

A

Quadriceps femoris muscle
Quadricep tendon
Patella
Patellar tendon

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48
Q

What are the borders of femoral triangle

A

Superior- inguinal ligament
Medially- Adductor longus
Laterally- Sartorius
Floor- iliopsoas and pectineus
Roof- deep fascia

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49
Q

Name A-E

A

A- Inguinal ligament
B- Sartorius
C- Adductor longus
D- Iliopsoas
E- Pectineus

50
Q

What are the contents of femoral triangle, from lateral to medial

A

NAVL (nerve -> artery -> vein -> lymph)

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics (in femoral canal)

51
Q

What structures are surrounded by femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery and vein

52
Q

Name A-D

A

A- femoral nerve
B- femoral sheath
C- femoral canal
D- great saphenous vein

53
Q

What is the nerve root of femoral nerve

A

L2-L4

54
Q

Function of femoral nerve

A

Motor- anterior thigh
Sensory - anterior thigh and medial leg (saphenous nerve is a branch of femoral)

55
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the anterior thigh

A

Anterior cutaneous nerve (branch of femoral)
Lateral cutaneous nerve L2-L3
Obturator nerve L2-L4
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve

56
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of thigh

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris - long and short head

57
Q

Name A-D

A

A- semitendinosus
B- semimembranosus
C- Biceps femoris long head
D- Biceps femoris short head

58
Q

Function of semitendinosus

A

Flexion of leg
Extension of thigh

59
Q

Function of semimembranosus

A

Flexion of leg
Extension of thigh

60
Q

Function of biceps femoris

A

Flexion of leg
Extension of thigh

61
Q

All muscles of the posterior thigh origin from

A

Ischial tuberosity except short head of biceps femoris

62
Q

Where does the short head of biceps femoris origin from

A

Linea aspera of femur

63
Q

Attachment of biceps femoris

A

Lateral side of fibula

64
Q

Innervation of semitendinosus

A

Tibial nerve L5-S2

65
Q

Innervation of semimembranosus

A

Tibial nerve L5-S2

66
Q

Innervation of biceps femoris

A

Long head - tibial nerve L5-S2
Short head - Common fibular nerve

67
Q

What are the borders of popliteal fossa

A

superomedial - semimembranosus
superolateral - biceps femoris
Inferomedial - medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolateral - lateral head of gastrocnemius

68
Q

Name A-I

A

A- tibial nerve
B- semitendinosus
C- popliteal artery
D- popliteal lymph nodes
E- semimembranosus
F- popliteal vein
G- medial head of gastrocnemius
H- common fibular nerve
I- lateral head of gastrocnemius

69
Q

Contents of popliteal fossa

A

Lots of fat
Popliteal artery, vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Popliteal lymph nodes

70
Q

What can happen to the popliteal fossa in knee OA

A

Baker’s cyst - build up of synovial fluid at popliteal fossa

71
Q

What are the muscles in the medial thigh compartment

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor Magnus
Obturator externus
Gracilis

72
Q

Name A-E

A

A- pectineus
B- Adductor brevis
C- Adductor longus
D- Adductor Magnus
E- Adductor brevis

73
Q

Name A

A

Obturator externs

74
Q

What are the 2 components of adductor Magnus

A

Hamstring part (ischiocondylar part)
Adductor part (pubofemoral part)

75
Q

Function of adductor brevis

A

Adduction of thigh

76
Q

Function of adductor longus

A

Adduction of thigh

77
Q

Function of adductor magnus

A

Adduction of thigh
Adductor part - flexion of thigh
Ischiocondylar part - extension of thigh

78
Q

Function of obturator externus

A

Adduction of thigh
Lateral rotation of thigh

79
Q

Function of gracilis

A

Adduction of thigh
Flexion of leg

80
Q

Innervation of muscles in the medial compartment of thigh

A

Obturator nerve L2-L4
Except hamstring part of adductor Magnus - tibial nerve

81
Q

Name A-J

A

A- Lateral cutaneous nerve
B- Obturator nerve
C- Femoral nerve
D- Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf (branch of common fibular)
E- Saphenous nerve
F- Superficial fibular nerve
G- Sural nerve
H- Deep fibular nerve
I- Posterior cutaneous nerve
J- Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve

82
Q

What is the main blood supply of the lower limb

A

Femoral artery

83
Q

The femoral artery is a continuation of

A

External iliac artery

84
Q

At which point does external iliac artery become the femoral artery

A

Once it enters the inguinal ligament into the femoral triangle

85
Q

The femoral artery branches into ______ at _______

A

The femoral artery branches into profunda femoris (deep femoral artery) at the femoral triangle

86
Q

What are the 3 main branches of deep femoral artery

A

Medial circumflex artery
Lateral circumflex artery
Perforating arteries

87
Q

What structure do medial and lateral circumflex arteries supply

A

Femoral head
medial circumflex is the main supply

88
Q

What structures do the perforating arteries supply

A

Medial and posterior thigh by perforating the adductor Magnus

89
Q

Where can the femoral pulse be palpated

A

at the femoral triangle, 2-3 cm inferior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

90
Q

What can the femoral pulse be used for

A

To locate the femoral vein for cannulation
To locate the femoral nerve for nerve block procedures

91
Q

What can the femoral artery be used for

A

As an access route for angiograms / valve replacements / coronary artery stenting

92
Q

The popliteal artery is a continuation of

A

Femoral artery

93
Q

Where is the popliteal artery located at

A

Popliteal fossa

94
Q

What are the branches of popliteal artery

A

Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
Fibular

95
Q

Name A-G

A

A- external iliac artery
B- Inguinal ligament
C- Femoral artery
D- Popliteal artery
E- Anterior tibial artery
F- posterior tibial artery
G- fibular artery

96
Q

Describe the course of anterior tibial artery

A

Pierces through the interosseous membrane to supply the anterior compartment of leg

97
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery supply

A

Posterior compartment of leg
and the plantar surface of feet via its branches

98
Q

What does the fibular artery supply

A

Lateral compartment of leg

99
Q

Describe the course of posterior tibial artery

A

Supplies the posterior compartment of leg
Then exits the posterior compartment of leg to enter the plantar surface of foot by wrapping around the medial malleolus and through the flexor retinaculum of foot

100
Q

Posterior tibial artery runs along with

A

Tibial nerve

101
Q

Name A-I

A

A- popliteal artery
B- Tibial peroneal trunk
C- Posterior tibial artery
D- Tibial nerve
E- Anterior tibial artery
F- Fibular artery
G- Deep fibular nerve
H- Anterior tibial artery
I- Dorsalis pedis artery

102
Q

What are the arteries supplying the foot

A

Dorsalis pedis artery
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
Metatarsal arteries
Digital arteries

103
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery if a continuation of

A

Anterior tibial artery

104
Q

The medial and lateral plantar arteries are continuations of

A

Posterior tibial artery

105
Q

What is the branch of dorsals pedis artery

A

Arcutate artery which then branches into metatarsal arteries

106
Q

What does the medial and lateral plantar arteries form

A

Deep plantar arch which branches into metatarsal arteries

107
Q

What do the metatarsal arteries branch into

A

Digital arteries - end arteries

108
Q

What is contraindicated in tissues supplied by end arteries such as digital arterie s

A

Adrenaline containing local anaesthetic - because it can cause vasoconstriction hence necrosis

109
Q

Name A-I

A

A- anterior tibial artery
B- dorsalis pedis artery
C- Arcutate artery
D- metatarsal arteries
E- digital arteries
F- Deep plantar arch
G- Lateral plantar artery
H- Medial plantar artery
I- Posterior tibial artery

110
Q

What is the main deep venous drainage of the lower limb

A

Femoral vein

111
Q

Where is the deep venous drainage of lower limb located at

A

beneath deep fascia

112
Q

Describe the course of deep venous drainage

A

From anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibular vein -> popliteal vein -> femoral vein -> external iliac vein

113
Q

What is the main superficial venous drainage of lower limb

A

Saphenous vein

114
Q

What veins drain the gluteal region

A

Inferior and superior gluteal veins drain into internal iliac vein

115
Q

What is the main venous structure of the foot

A

Dorsal venous arch - drains into superficial veins

116
Q

What veins drain into the anterior tibial vein

A

Some veins from the dorsal venous arch penetrate deep into leg

117
Q

What veins drain into the posterior tibial and fibular veins

A

Medial and lateral plantar veins

118
Q

Name A-L

A

A- Femoral circumflex vein
B- Femoral vein
C- Popliteal vein
D- Anterior tibial vein
E- Posterior tibial vein
F- Fibular vein
G- Dorsal venous arch
H- Lateral plantar vein
I- Medial plantar vein
J- Plantar venous arch
K- External iliac vein
L- Deep femoral vein

119
Q

What are the main superficial veins of the lower limb

A

Small saphenous vein and Great saphenous vein

120
Q

Describe the anatomical course of great saphenous vein

A
  1. Arises from medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch of the foot
  2. Ascends up the medial side of the leg
  3. Pierces the deep fascia of the thigh in the region of the femoral triangle
  4. drains into femoral vein in the anterior proximal thigh
121
Q

Describe the anatomical course of small saphenous vein

A
  1. Arises from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch of the foot
  2. Travels up the posterior midline of the leg with sural nerve
  3. Drains deep within the popliteal fossa into the popliteal vein

Y2 Anatomy (10 decks)

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