Reminders Flashcards
What must you do when you get an electronic request for records
Make sure a release is signed
Remove all personally identifiable information before sending
What do you do when you get a request for info from an ethics committee
Make sure an ROI has been signed
Comply
Can psychologists exchange services for media advertisement
Nope
Sexual harassment is when…
Someone has said it’s offensive and asks you to stop (and you don’t)
When it is significant enough to be considered abusive by a reasonable person
Bartering is okay when…
It’s even in scale
When it doesn’t create a problem with dual-roles
Ex. Therapist and boss
If someone isn’t progressing in treatment and wants to stay with you
Set a termination date if you can’t find new goals to work on
(No progress on treatment goals, no service)
Contingent fees
Should be avoided
Privilege
Legal requirement that protects client information in LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Thinning
A reduction in reinforcers
Two-factor theory of learning
Contains elements of classic and operant conditioning
Explains avoidance conditioning
What learning heuristic is good for learning a second language
Keyword method
Overcorrection
Positive punishment
Restitution
- some kind of punishment
Positive practice
- reinforce positive, alternative behaviors
Proactive interference
When old information impacts the ability to learn or use new information
Retroactive interference
When newly learned information impacts your ability to recall previously learned material
Mean and SD of WAIS and SBinet
Index scores: mean of 100, sd of 15
Subtest scores: mean of 10, sd of 3
Kaufman Tests
KABC-II intelligence test for children
Can score with Luria’s neuropsychological processing model to remove interference from non-mainstream cultural backgrounds, language or hearing background, or autism
PPVT
Peabody picture vocabulary test
Measure of receptive vocabulary in people with psychosis, autism, motor or speech impairment
Ravens PM
Nonverbal measure of general (fluid) intelligence
Considered a useful multicultural test
How was the Strong Interest Inventory developed
Empirical criterion keying
Comparing the test profiles of various professionals, male and female, to the test profiles of people in general
Holland’s RIASEC
Realistic - technical, mechanical, outdoorsy
Investigative - scientific, mathematical, analytical
Artistic - creative, writing, designer
Social - helping professions, clergy
Enterprising - business, competitive, management, sales
Conventional - structured, unambiguous
High LK
Low F
(On MMPI)
Fake good - giving an overly positive impression
High F
High F-K index
(On MMPI)
Suggests exaggeration of sx
Malingering on the MMPI
Malingering when LK are around 50
And F is slightly elevated
And clinical scales are sawtoothed
High F scale
Significant scores on clinical scales (most or all)
(On the MMPI)
Suggests random responding
Bender-Gestalt
Neuropsych measure for visual-motor integration
Screening for neurological impairment
Benton Test
Test of visual memory retention
For the purpose of identifying brain damage
What percent of genes do full siblings, fraternal twins, and first degree relatives share
50%
Half sibs share 25%
Genetic disorders of males and females
Kleinfelter - Male with extra X
Turner - Female with one X
Ambivalent v Avoidance attachment styles
Ambivalent are clingy and avoidant (think borderline babies)
Avoidant are rejecting and unresponsive (overbearing or absent parents)
The symptoms of FAS are…
Lifelong and irreversible
In what order do infants develop depth cues
Kinetic
Binocular
Pictorial
What explains why normal children labeled “gifted” get more academic attention (and related improvements) than their peers
Rosenthal effect
If you believe something to be true, you will treat those people accordingly
What brain activity is responsible for negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Reduced activity in the PFC
How many sx needed to diagnose ADHD
Five in people over 17
Six in kids
Technique of solution focused therapists
Exception question
“When does this behavior NOT occur?”
Howard’s three phases of treatment
- Remoralization - instillation of hope
- Remediation - focus on sx
- Rehabilitation - unlearning maladaptive that caused the issue
Boundary disturbances
Part of Gestalt Therapy
When there’s a disruption between the boundary of self and the environment (can’t maintain homeostasis)
Introjection(swallowing whole concepts), projection (do to others) retroflection (do to self), confluence (guilt and resentment)
Three levels of prevention
Primary - prevent new cases (promotes health, vaccinate)
Secondary - treat preexisting cases to minimize illness (screening and early intervention)
Tertiary - prevent consequences of the issue (community-based)
Duration of brief psychotic disorder
1 month
Age groups of men and women with highest suicide rates
Men - over 75
Women - 45-64
Three stages of group cohesiveness
Yalom
Orientation
Conflict
Cohesiveness
What is regulated breathing used for
Childhood onset fluency disorder
Stuttering
Difference between Alz neurocog and LBD neurocog
LBD neurocog starts with motor sx
Alz starts with memory
What groups have highest rates of treatment service delivery
Lesbian and bisexual women
“Oblique”
Means correlated in factor analyses
Spearman coefficients
Used in rank-order correlations
When would you use a correlated samples t-test
When analyzing only two means, from one sample of participants
(Within subjects design)
Purpose of an ANCOVA
Removes the effects of an extraneous valuable (covariant) on the dependent variable
When is history a threat to internal validity
When you have a lengthier study with only one group
(You may not be sure that your tx caused the effects, could be the impact of the historical event on all your participants)
What statistical procedure will get you the fewest number of predictors for a given outcome
Stepwise multiple regression
The career decision making model is founded in what clinical theory
Erikson and ego identity
Three components of expectancy theory
VIE
Valence
Instrumentality
Expectancy
(Related to employee motivation)
Two factor theory of employee motivation
Lower level motivators - pay, materials
(Leads to dissatisfaction if not met, doesn’t increase motivation)
Higher level motivations - autonomy, responsivity, advancement
(Don’t lead to dissatisfaction if not met, leads to motivation)
Two NEO traits associated with good leadership
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Views subordinates as in group or out group based on a number of factors
Purpose of a behavioral interview
I/O
To see how employees have responded to work situations in the past
Two types of integrity tests for employee selection decisions
Overt and personality
Hemineglect results form damage to what part of the brain
Parietal
Usually right parietal
James Lange Theory
Perception
Behaviors and physiological reaction > emotion
“I’m afraid because my heart is pounding and I’m sweating”
Cannon-Bard Theory
The PNS and cortex are stimulated
Then we feel emotions and bodily reactions
(Bodily experiences are relatively the same for all reactions)
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Schachter & Singer
Physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation
= subjective emotional experience
(Epinephrine study)
The right hemisphere processes what kind of emotions
Negative emotions
So damage leads to euphoria and indifference)
The left hemisphere process what kinds of emotions
Positive emotions
Do damage leads to depression and emotional volatility (catastrophic reactions)
What NT is inhibitory and related to anxiety
GABA
When do we see advanced sleep phases
In older adults
When going to sleep and getting up occur earlier than what is typical
What depth perception cues do we use up close and farthest away
Up close = retinal disparity
Far away = motion parallax
Job of an antagonist drug
To block receptor cites OR inhibit the effect of a given NT
Floor and ceiling effects are…
The degree to which a test can DISCRIMINATE among those with very low, and those with very high levels of the thing measured by the test
What two things modify the relationship between message discrepancy and attitude change
Credibility
Source of the message
Number of bystanders to ensure most likely to get help
One
What route to persuasion leads to strong behavioral change
Central route
What does a minority have to do to persuade majority opinion
Focus on behavioral style
Be persistent with the message without being dogmatic and too extreme
Your ability to have your attitudes change your behavior depends on…
Strength
Accessibility
Specificity
Realistic Conflict Theory
One theory of discrimination
Occurs when groups must fight or compete for resources
(Robbers Cave)
Taylor Russel tables require what three pieces of data
(Used to est percentage of new hires that will be successful)
Validity coefficients
Base rates
Selection ratios
Hawthorne Effect
Improvement in job performance as a result of participation in a study
Contingency Theory
Leadership
Leadership effectiveness is the result of leadership style and favorableness of the situation
Low LPC - task oriented, does well in low or highly favorable situations
High LPC - relationship focused, does will in moderately favorable
Purpose of the Position Analysis Questionnaire
To conduct worker-oriented job analyses
Benefits of relative measures of performance
Reduce bias
What kind of validity is most important for selection tests
Concurrent validity
KR-20
Measures internal consistency of a measure when items are scored dichotomously
How are reliability coefficients interpreted
Directly as percent variability
0.80 = 80% variability
Equation for SEM
SD x Sqrt(1 - reliability coefficient)
When the reliability coefficient is 1.0…
Standard deviation is 10
SEM 0-10
When do you use multitrait-multimethod matrices
When evaluating construct validity
The criterion coefficient can be no greater than…
Sqrt (1 - reliability coefficient)
Ranges of Item Difficulty
0 (no one got the item right) - 1 (everyone got the item right)
Shrinkage
When the validity coefficient decreases during cross-validation of a measure
When do African American prefer a white therapist
When they’re in the conformity state of identity development
Somatic Sx Disorder v Conversion Disorder
Somatic symptoms are bodily sx
Conversion disorder are neurological sx without basis
BD I v BD II
Bipolar 1 requires mania
Bipolar 2 requires an episode of MDD
Requirements for Tourette’s
Dx before age 18
2 motor tics and 1 vocal tic
What is the purpose of gift giving with Asian clients
To instill hope and provide reassurance
Immediate support
Impact of psychotherapy on medical care
Provision of psychotherapy to patients lowers expenditures on medical care
Reaction formation
(Defense mechanism)
When you behave opposite of what you believe/feel
Positioning
Therapy technique when exaggerate the clients concerns to emphasize how ridiculous or irrational they are
Schizoid PD v Avoidant PD
Schizoid has no desire or interest in social relationships
Avoidant reportedly wants relationships but avoids the due to fear of shame or rejection
Parataxic distortion
Transference for interpersonal therapists
Coefficient of determination
Correlation coefficient squared
Measure of shared variability
When would you use a single sample chi square test
Single variable being measured
Nominal variable
Type one error vs type two error
T1E - incorrectly rejecting the null
(Saying something is statistically significant when it’s not)
T2E - incorrectly keeping the null
(Saying there is no difference when there actually is)
SEM increases as…
SD increases
Sample size decreases
T-test v ANOVA
T test for one or two groups, with one IV
ANOVA for two or more groups with one IV
Factorial ANOVA
When you have two or more IVs
Split Plot ANOVA
When you have multiple IVs, two of which are related
Correlation coefficients
- Pearson R v Spearman Rho v Point Biserial
Pearson’s R: both variables are continuous (interval or ratio)
Spearman’s Rho: both variables are ordinal
Point Biserial: one variable is dichotomous, one is continuous (interval or ratio)
Concordance rates for schizophrenia between monozygotic v dizygotic twins v non-twin siblings
48% monozygotic
17% dizygotic
9% nontwin
Inability to realize you have an illness
Anosognosia
Criteria for schizophrenia
Two active phases symptoms for at least one month (delu, halu, disorganized speech)
Continuous signs for at least six months (avolition, anhedonia, odd behaviors)
Peter Lewinsohn’s theory of depression is based on…
Operant conditioning
Subthreshold sx of mania and depression must be present for how long to dx cyclothymia
Two years
1ys for children
How long do you need sx for to diagnose bulimia
Three months
Hypnagogic hallucinations occur when
Just before falling sleep
Narcolepsy
Hypnopompic hallucinations occur when
Just after awakening from sleep
Narcolepsy
When does sleepwalking or sleep terrors occur
Stage 3 or 4
First third of the sleep period
Nonpharmacological treatment of choice for insomnia
CBT
- stimulus control
- sleep restriction
- sleep-hygiene edu
- relaxation
- cognitive tax
Age to dx pedophilic disorder
16
Age cutoff for IED
Six years old
Three categories of ODD sx
Argumentative/defiant
Vindictiveness
Angry/irritable mood
Dx if conduct disorder (time stamps)
At least three sx in last 12mo
At least one sx in last 6mo
ODD v CD
Emotional dysregulation
An amnestic-confabulatory type alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder is linked to a
Thiamine deficiency
Sx opioid withdrawal
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Fever
(Flu-like symptoms)
Sx of etoh withdrawal
Autonomic hyperactivity
Hand tremor
Hallucinations
Anxiety
Four categories of substance use sx
Impaired control
Social impairment
Risky use
Pharmacological (tolerance and withdrawal)
What is required for a diagnosis of delirium
Impaired attention and awareness
Alzheimer’s NCD vs depression
Alzheimer’s NCD is related to gradual onset, and minimization of new (memory) deficits
Cognitive and motor symptoms in NCD Parkinson’s NCD Lewy Bodies NCD Alzheimer’s NCD Prion
NCD Parkinson’s starts with motor sx, then cognitive sx
NCD Lewy Bodies starts with cog sx, then motor sx
NCD Alzheimer’s starts with early memory loss (low Ach)
NCD Prion has a rapid progression of impairment in motor and cerebellar sx
Schizoid PD v Schizotypal PD
Schizoid - no desire to form relationships
Schizotypal - avoid interaction due to a fear of people (unusual thinking)
According to Rogers, incongruence between self and experience is impacted by
Self worth
Individuation
Carl Jung
The process by which a person becomes a psychological “individual” and unique…during the second half of life
Introjection
The boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting values, standards, and beliefs of other people
Gestalt
Motivation for behavior in reality therapy is driven by
Basic needs - survival, love, power, freedom, fun
Willam Glasser
Mistaken style of life is associated with which therapy modality
Adler
Individual psychology
The transtheoretical model of therapy assumes a persons motivation to change is affected by what three factors
Decisional balance
Self-efficacy
Temptation
Four problem areas talked about in interpersonal therapy
Role disputes
Role transitions
Interpersonal deficits
Grief
What is an “exceptional circumstance”
Narrative family therapy
An exceptional circumstance or unique outcome, one that is not predicted by problem-saturated narratives (can be used to help develop alternative narratives)
“Differentiation”
Intrapersonal aspect
Inability to distinguish ones thoughts from feelings
Cannot separate emotionL and intellectual functioning
“Differentiation”
Interpersonal aspect
Cannot separate ones own emotional functioning from the functioning of others
Differentiation is a component of what therapy
Extended family systems therapy (Bowen)
Three techniques used in strategic family therapy
Prescribing the symptom - engage in the problematic behavior in an exaggerated way
Restraining - telling family not to change or not to change too quickly
Ordeal - give family member an unpleasant task to complete when they engage in the undesirable behavior
Primary goal of mindfulness based CBT is
Accepting and separating from distressful thoughts
Three phases of stress inoculation training
Conceptualization and education
Skills acquisition and consolidation
Application and follow through
The average psychotherapy patient was better off than _____ of patients who did not receive psychotherapy
80%
What accounts for the greatest amount of variability across psychotherapy outcomes
Patient contributions
40% - unexplained variance
30% - patient contributions
12% - therapeutic relationship
Caplan’s four obstacles to providing effective mental health services
Lack of knowledge
Skills
Confidence
Objectivity (caused by interference)
Eyesenck determined that symptom improvement in psychotherapy was less than improvements due to…
Spontaneous remission
Etic v emic
Etic = universal Emic = culture-specific
High communication vs low communication.
(Hall)
High - group understanding, nonverbal messages, context (characteristic of several cultural minority groups)
Low - relies on verbal message, independent of context, characteristic of while mainstream culture
Part of the brain associated with Parkinson’s
Degeneration of DA-producing cells in the substantia nigra
Basal ganglia
Part of the brain responsible for procedural, automatic memories
Cerebellum
Hippocampus’s job with memory
Transfer declarative memories from STM to LTM
Injury = memories of incident not transferred to LTM
Brain structure involved in Tourette’s
Basal ganglia
Fxn of the hindbrain structures
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla - involuntary mouth mvmts, respiration, heart rate
Pons - coordinate mvmt between two sides of body
Cerebellum - posture, balance, procedural memories
Function of midbrain structures
Retic Formation
Substantia Nigra
RF - consciousness and arousal
SN - reward seeking
Assc Parkinson’s
Another word for absent seizures
Generalized onset non-motor
Blank stare with few other sx
Migraines are assc with what NT
Serotonin
Low serotonin
How Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias are alike
Alike - impaired repetition and anomia (can’t recall names of familiar objects)
Damage to dlPFC
Perseveration responses
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex
Acquired sociopathy
Behavioral disinhibition
Damage to mediofrontal cortex
Decreased motivation and initiative
Effects of Broca’s and Wernicke’s area damage
Broca - (expressive aphasia) slow, labored speech of primarily nouns & verbs, anomia, impaired repetition, Comprehension is ok
- Frontal lobe
Wernicke - (receptive aphasia) poor comprehension of written and spoken, fluent but nonsensical speech
- Temporal lobe
H.M.
Major issue was anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new, long-term, declarative memories
Parts of the brain for prospective memory
Prefrontal cortex - event-based prospective memory
Cingulate cortex - time-based prospective memory
MAOI that causes sexual dysfunction
Phenelzine
Antidepressant least likely to cause sexual side effects
Bubropion
NDRI
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Side effect of antipsychotics
Muscle rigidity, fever, autonomic dysfunction, altered mental state
Side effects of SGAs
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Agranulocytosis (low WBCs)
Metabolic syndrome (weight gain, high BP, insulin resistance)
Serotonin syndrome
SSRI + MAOI (or Lithium)
Agitation, confusion, autonomic instability, tremor, delirium, hyperthermia
Early memory loss in Alzheimer’s is due to what NT
Low levels of Ach in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
Drugs for OCD
SSRIs
Serotonin deficiency found in OCD, so you want SSRIs to increase serotonin
What theory of emotion is this:
Bite a pencil > smile > happy
James Lange
I am happy, because I’m smiling
Lazarus Cognitive appraisal theory
Emotional reactions are due to appraisal of events
Primary appraisal - beliefs, values, motivation
Secondary appraisal - identifies coping skills and likelihood they’ll work
Reappraisal - changes appraisals if appropriate
What do you consider when using automated licensing and scoring programs
Validity
Other psychometric properties
Age of fetal viability
22-26 weeks
Cause if Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes
Chromosomal deletions
Overregularization
When a child misapplies rules for forming plurals and past tense
Support for Chomsky’s theory of language development
All languages have the same underlying grammatical structure and rules
Age of telegraphic speech
18-24mo
Overextension
Language error
Child uses a word too broadly
Underextension
Child using a word too narrowly
Language error
Three language errors
Underextension
Overextension
Overregularization
Number of sub stages in sensorimotor stage
And when does intentional, goal-directed behavior begin
Six stages
Intentional and goal-oriented behavior begins during sub stage 4, coordination of secondary circular reactions
What happens to memory with age
Decline in long-term, secondary, memory
STM (primary memory) and remote LTM (tertiary memory) stay intact
Occupational development per Marcia
Three stages:
identity foreclosure - job because your parents have it
Identity achievement - making a personal decision to be a certain job
Identity diffusion - not thinking about it until absolutely have to
Identity moratorium - considered options with no decision
Kohlbergs states of gender identity development
Gender identity
Gender stability
Gender constancy
Rothbart’s three aspects of temperament
Surgency/extraversion
Negative reactivity
(Related to reactivity)
Effortful control
(Related to self-regulation)
Family intervention based on Patterson et al research on coercive family interactions
PMT
Parental training in effective parenting skills
Insecure/resistant v insecure/avoidant attachment styles
Insecure/resistant - ambivalent - scared of stranger regardless, close to mom, angry at her when she returns
Insecure/avoidant - indifferent, avoidant, similar with stranger
Three stages of Piaget’s morality development
Premoral - no consideration
Heteronomous - behavior and consequence focused (unsophisticated)
Autonomous - rules can be changed, judge behavior on actors intentions
Biggest predictor of divorce
Communication style by Gottman and Leveson
Contempt
Also: criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling
Outcomes of high-quality daycare
Increase behavioral problems
Improved cognitive and language abilities, social skills
Similar to non-daycare attachment
For second order conditioning,
The CS acts as a US
Most effective conditioning procedure
Delayed
Covert sensitization
Pair an image of a stimulus associated with the problem behavior, with an image of a stimulus that naturally produces an incompatible dad undesirable response.
Implosive therapy
Always imaginative
Incorporates psychodynamic elements
EMDR is effective because…
Repeated exposure to the feared object or event
Positive v negative discriminative stimulus
Positive - reinforcement will be provided
Negative - signals reinforcement will follow
Matching Law is used for…
Talks about understanding rates of reinforcement
Proportionality of frequency is related to the reinforcement schedule
Premack Principle
Using a preferred action to reinforce a behavior
Three components of the working memory
Per Baddeley
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop
Episodic buffer (integrates verbal and visual info)
Four processes in Banduras observational learning
Attention
Retention
Production
Motivation
When previously learned information interferes with new learning
Proactive interference
(PRevious knowledge interferes, PRoactive interference
What supports the serial position effect
STM
LTM
Item discrimination index (D)
Ranges -1 to +1
How to calculate item discrimination index (D)
High scoring minus low scoring
90%, 20%… 0.90-0.20=0.70
Acceptable level of item difficulty
D = 0.30
How to calculate 68% confidence interval
add and subtract one SEM
How to calculate 95% confidence interval
Add and substance two SEMs
How to calculate 99% confidence interval
Add and subtract three SEMs
An item response curve represents
Relationship between difficulty, discrimination (slope), probability of guessing correctly (y-axis)
Steeper the slope, the better the discrimination
Kendall’s coefficient
Interrater reliability on a nominal scale
Chronbachs alpha
Average inter-item consistency
Spearman Brown prophecy formula
Effects of lengthening or shortening a test
How to calculate variability from a factor loading
Square the factor loading to get the percent variability accounted for by that factor
Factor loading of 0.70 = that factor explains 49% of the variability
Sensitivity v specificity
Sensitivity - ability to accurately identify people with the thing
Specificity - ability to accurately identify people without the thing
Incremental validity
When a test improves decision-making accuracy
Shape of percentile rank distributions
Always rectangular
Expectancy tables interpret scores in terms of…
Likely criterion performance
Z score of 0…
T score of 50
Stanine of 5
Which personality tests were based on Murray’s theory of human needs
EPPS, TAT
The TAT involves considering the characters…
Needs and press
Internal and external causes for their behavior…and the outcome for each story
Which personality test was based on Jung’s personality theory
MBTI
Confabulation on the Rorschach is most indicative of…
Brain injury
Cog impairment
Schizophrenia
The lexical strategy was used to create which personality tests
16 PF
NEO-PI
What subtests are used on the SB5 to determine starting levels
Object Series/Matrices
Vocabulary
WAIS strengths and weaknesses for someone with Alzheimer’s
For neurocog:
Highest is VCI
Lowest is PSI
WISC strengths and weaknesses for someone with autism
Highest: Fluid Reasoning
Lowest: Processing Speed
Test that can be scored with the CHC model
KABC
Luria and CHC
Fagan Test
Measure of selective attention and recognition memory in infants
Evaluate mental ability of job applicants
WPT-R
Leiter3
Measure of cog abilities
For those with cog delay, hearing or speech impediments, ASD
Bayley III
Used to determine developmental status of toddlers and infants
Halstead Impairment Index
Scores range 0-1
0-.2 normal
.3-.4 mild
.5-.7 moderate
.8-1 severe
Cutoff score for the MMSE
24
Lower the score, greater the impairment
3 scales of the Kuder occupational interest survey (KOIS)
Occupational scales
College major scales
Vocational interest estimates
What scale on the SII used empirical criterion keying
Occupational scales
Interest inventories are least predictive of…
Job performance and success
Generally ok at predicting satisfaction, choice, and persistence
Ipsative scores
Provide information in someone’s RELATIVE strengths
Advantage of behaviorally anchored rating scales
BARS
Provide information that’s useful for performance feedback
Frame-of reference training is used for…
Making sure trainees understand the nature of the job and what successful performance looks like
(and giving them opportunities to practice themselves)
Job evaluation v Job analysis
Job evaluation - used to establish comparable worth (compensation decisions)
Job analysis - to identify knowledge, skills, abilities, and other things workers must have to be successful
General mental ability tests as predictors of job performance…
Good - most valid predictors across different jobs and performance measures
Bad - adverse impact for some racial and ethnic groups
Most frequently used exercises in assessment centers
Leaderless group discussion (evaluate leadership potential)
In-basket exercise (respond to sample memos, messages, etc.)
Incremental validity is related to
Decision making accuracy
A new selection test will improve decision making accuracy when the base rate is
0.5
Formative v summative
Formative - conducted during
Summative - conducted immediately after to see if program met its goals
Needs analysis v job analysis
Needs analysis - identify company’s training needs
Job analysis - identify skills and knowledge in workers to make them successful
Kirkpatrick’s four levels of training program evaluation
Reaction
Learning
Behavior
Results
(Least to most informative)
Two phases of Tiedeman’ career decision making model
Anticipation
Implementation
Super’s five stages in the life-span, life-space theory
Growth Exploration Establishment Maintenance Disengagement
What two key concepts are used in Dawis and Lofquist’s theory of work adjustment
Satisfaction (job satisfaction)
Satisfactoriness (employers satisfaction with the employee)
Components of Katz & Kahn’s open-system theory
I/O psych
Inputs
Throughputs
Outputs
McGregors two types of managers
Theory X - believe employees lack ambition and are lazy
Theory Y - believe everyone will do a good job if you let them
Self managed work teams (SMWTs)
Employees have total control over their work and assignments, schedules, employee selection and training, and performance appraisal
Bases for social power
French and Raven, IO Psych
Reward Coercive Legitimate Expert Referent
Two dimensions of leader behaviors
OSU Study
Initiating Structure
Consideration
Path-Goal Theory
IO Leadership
Optimal leadership styles (directive, achievement oriented, supportive, participative, depend on characteristics of the employee and work environment
What persists the best leadership according to Hersey and Blanchard
(Situational leadership model)
Employees job maturity
VIE
Expectancy - effort will lead to successful performance
Instrumentality - successful performance will lead to certain outcomes
Valence - belief about the value of the outcomes
Workers job motivation is attributed to his social comparisons
Equity theory
Three main types of organizational commitment
Continuance
Affective
Normative
Three characteristics of hardiness
Kobasa
Commitment fatigue family and work
Sense of control over your life
See new experiences as a challenge
Three types of organizational justice
Procedural
Distributive
Interactional
What percentage of genetic factors explain variability in job satisfaction
30%
Purpose of superordinate goals
Reduce intergrouphp hostility and competition
Allports hypothesis to reduce prejudice between two groups
Equal status
Superordinate goals
No competition
Support form authorities
Pluralistic ignorance
When someone doesn’t intervene in an emergency because they believe since others aren’t acting, it must not be important
Mere exposure effect is most often associated with
Interpersonal attraction
People are most likely fo attribute the behavior of another person to external causes when…
Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness are high
Covariation model
Disjunctive task
When group members choose a best solution from what is offered by everyone
Components to Heiders balance theory
Person
Another person
An attitude object
Sleeper effect
Social psych
When people remember the message, but not who the message came fro
Subject of GAD in children
Athletic/academic performance
Natural disasters (catastrophic events)
OCD onset between genders
Earlier onset in males
Males more likely to have comorbid tic
Onset of vascular dementia
Can be acute or step-wise
Can contain plateaus
(Depends on the nature of the vascular issues)
Erotomanic delusions
That people are IN LOVE WITH you
Not necessarily sexual
IQ criteria for Intellectual Disability
Two SD below the mean of the test
Length of sx in schizophreniform
1-6mo
Schizophrenia is 6mo+
Purpose of ACT
Teach mindfulness skills
See symptoms as uncomfortable or harmless transient states
Goal of gestalt therapy
Achieve here and now awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
How style of life is determined in Adlerian psychotherapy
Determined by social interest
If you achieve superiority in a prosocial way (healthy) vs. if you achieve superiority in a way that is antisocial and competitive (mistaken)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary prevention
Primary - prevent new cases (immunizations)
Secondary - lessen duration of current cases (provide tx)
Tertiary - lessen severity, risk of relapse, reduce impact on community
(Ex. Prevention programs, relapse prevention skills)
Reintegration stage (Helms model of white identity theory)
Recognize your racist views and justify them (thinking minority is less motivated, more ignorant, etc.)
Individuation
(Jung)
Integrating conscious and unconscious into a unique identity
Goal of Bowen’s extended family systems therapy
Increase differentiation
Gerstman syndrome
Damage to dominant parietal lobe
Agnosia
Agraphia
Left and right confusion
Classic v common migraines
Classic comes with auras
ClAssic = Aura
SSRIs vs TCAs
SSRIs come with sexual dysfunction
TCAs come with cardiovascular risks and anticholinergic effects
Stroke in dominant vs nondominant hemisphere
Dominant - dysarthria, aphasia
Nondominant - apraxia, sensory neglect
Areas impacted in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Amygdala
Temporal
Hippocampus
If a patient begins to experience symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome…
Discontinue the medication immediately
Antipsychotics
Glutamate
Alzheimer’s
Huntington’s
Other neurocog
(Excitotoxicity)
Neglected vs rejected children
Neglected have more positive outcomes
- more prosocial, will likely experience a status change in a new peer group
At what age does separation anxiety emerge
6-8mo
At what age do infants recognize themselves in a mirror
12mo
Sensory memory
Large capacity
Brief duration
Law of effect
Thorndike
Cats in puzzle boxes
Behaviors with successful outcomes are learned more quickly
Psychologist credited with coining “insight”
Kohler
Highest and lowest WAIS in kids with ADHD
Highest is VCI
Lowest is PSI
What test is based in Murray’s theory of personality
TAT
Fagan test says what is the best predictor of IQ in later development
Attention to novel stimuli
Power
The ability to correctly reject a false null
The ability to accurately find a significant difference when one exists
What does the Solomon 4-group design help with
Reduce effects of protest sensitization
What test helps you to categorize people
Discriminant functional analysis
Best way to control for extraneous variables
Random assignment
Eta
Interval or ratio variables
RELATIONSHIP IS NONLINEAR
(Correlation)
ANOVA v MANOVA
ANOVA has more than one IV, one DV
MANIVA has more than one DV
How to construct confidence intervals
Use the standard error estimate
How long to keep records
7 years or 2 years after client turns 18
Whichever is longer
Doing research with kids
Parents permission
Assent from children
Under what circumstances can APA take additional action against you
- Suspended or expelled from your state psychological board
2. Convicted of felony
Four conditions for malpractice
- Must have had a legal duty to treat the client
- Didn’t meet standard of care
- Client was harmed
- Harmed cause by breech of duty
Leadership styles of Hersey and Blanchard
Telling
Selling
Delegating
Participating
Components of a needs analysis
Organizational analysis
Task analysis
Person analysis
Demographic analysis
What determines occupational choice per Donald Super
Self-concept
Factors of career decision making per Krumboltz
Genes
Environmental conditions
Learning experiences
Task approach skills
Four components of transformational leadership
Idealized influence
Inspirational motivation
Intellectual stimulation
Individual consideration
Reasons for bystander apathy
Pluralistic ignorance
Evaluation apprehension
Diffusion of responsibility
When does the primacy effect occur when listening to arguments
When both arguments are one after another
Assess attitude change one week later
Social judgement theory…
Depends on your level of EGO INVOLVEMENT with the issue
Overjustification
When intrinsic motivation declines as a result of being given an external reward for a behavior you enjoyed
Influences of behavioral intention
Attitude
Subjective norms
Perceived behavioral control
