Reminders 2 Flashcards
Cruzfeldt-Jakob’s disease
Caused by Prions disease
Most aggressive (rapidly progressing) form of neurocognitive disorder
Drugs that reduce tics
Drugs that reduce dopamine
Three primary sx of schizophrenia
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized speech
Early Alzheimer’s will show degeneration…
In the entorhinal cortex
Causes of adolescent-limited and life-course persistent development of antisocial traits
Adolescent-limited type is due to a maturity gap
Life-course persistent is due to neurological deficits
Lifetime suicide risk for people with BD
15x higher than general population
Techniques used to teach verbal communication to autistic children
Discrimination training and shaping
For sleep issues in people with MDD
Increased sleep latency
Increased REM density
Decreased REM latency
Decreased slow-wave sleep
High expressed emotion predicts relapse of…
Schizophrenia and MDD
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccupation with having or getting a serious illness
May or may not have somatic sx, if you do they’re usually mild
“Analysis” practice of psychoanalysis involves…
Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
Working through
Teleological approach
Adler
Emphasizes future goals over past behaviors
(Style of life and striving towards superiority, depends on social interest)
Focus of narrative family therapy
Focuses on how the problem is effecting the family (the problem is the problem, not the person)
Replacing problem-saturated stories with satisfying and supportive stories (meeting family, listening for sparking moments, separating members for their problems, enacting preferred narratives, strengthening the better narratives)
Two types of questions used by narrative family therapists
Externalizing questions - view problems as being outside of yourself (what does your anger tell you to do)
Opening space questions - help members identify unique outcomes (have there ever been times when xyz didn’t happen)
Circular questioning
Part of systemic family therapy (Milan)
Joining
Part of structural family therapy
Allows you to enter the family and make adjustments, while still keeping and forming therapeutic rapport (being supportive to the family)
Scaling questions
Solution-focused therapy
Helps clients evaluate their current progress towards their treatment goals
What explains increase of stress and mental health symptoms in LGBT clients
Minority stress
What percentage of patients receive sx improvement after [ # ] sessions?
75% see improvement after 26 sessions
Object constancy
Part of object relations theory
Maintaining a positive connection with your significant other even when they are not immediately gratifying your needs
Sue and Sue’s example of twins communicating vs attorneys communicating
High and low communication
High for twins growing up in same house
Low for two attorneys communicating in court
Efficacy vs Effectiveness
Efficacy - highly controlled trials of whether something works
(High internal validity, low external validity)
Effectiveness - less controlled, more error
(High external validly, low internal validity)
Per Cross’s model, when a minority person does not appraise their problems to be the result of discrimination…
They are in the pre-encounter phase
Per Helms model, when a white therapist can best work integrative,y with minorities…
They are in the autonomy stage
Theme interference
Caplan
When loss of objectivity occurs because the therapist is treating clients in accordance with a past interaction
Electronic stimulation of the ___________ causes aggression in animals
Hypothalamus
Conduction aphasia
Damage to arcuate fasciculus (connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas)
Fluent speech, normal communication, impaired repetition
Weber’s law
JND is due to a constant proportion
Low metabolites of serotonin in the CSF…
Found in individuals with increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide
Purpose of dichroic listening task
Studies of hemispheric specialization
Quality of REM dreams…
More emotional and bizarre than dreams occurring in other sleep stages
More likely to be remembered than dreams in other sleep stages
Papez Circuit is related to…
Emotional expression and experiences
Cause of diabetes insipidus
Low levels of ADH (secreted by the pituitary)
Ideomotor apraxia
Damage to the left dominant parietal lobe
Cannot turn an idea into action (would struggle with being given verbal commands to do something)
What part of the brain is associated with OCD
Basal ganglia
Simple partial seizures VS Complex partial seizures
Both have tingling and jerking of limbs, blinking, sometimes only on one side of the body (less severe than tonic clinic jerking)
Simple Partial - no alteration in consciousness
Complex Partial - alteration in consciousness
Years of infantile amnesia
3-4yo
Neither adults nor children can recall memories from before this age
What part of temperament (per Kagan) is biologically based and stable over time
Behavioral inhibition
Can be altered by env situations
Three types of responders in the Adult Attachment Interview
Autonomous - coherent descriptions of childhood (secure attachment)
Preoccupied - angry, confused, passive (resistant attachment)
Dismissing - when you have positive reports but no memories to back it up (avoidant attachment)
Social information processing model
Crick and Dodge
Aggression in kids is due to a hostile attribution bias
Deficiencies and biases in: encoding of cues, interpretation of cues, clarification of goals (retaliation), response search, response decision (agg will have favorable outcome), behavioral enactment
Exposure to CMD (prenatal exposure to herpes) will can result in
Sensorineural hearing loss
Kohlbergs levels of morality development
Preconventional - punishment (obedience) and rewards (hedonism)
Conventional - social approval (good boy/girl) and law (law and order)
Postconventional - accepted by group (democratic accepted laws) and is it consistent with universally accepted principles (morality of individual principles)
When are outcomes worst for the relationship between stepparents and stepchildren
When remarriage happens in early adolescence
D/t the child dealing with many other personal and social adjustments at that stage of development
When do single consonant-vowel combinations emerge
3-6mo
Contain all the sounds possible
By 9mo the babbling narrows to sounds in the native language
What play stage allows for a zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
Make-believe play - creates a ZPD for learning and adhering to social roles
Three levels of friendship development
Damon
Handy playmate
Mutual trust and assistance
Intimacy and loyalty
Heritability estimate
The variability of a trait in a population due to genetic and environmental factors
When is the infant vocabulary spurt
18 mo
Before that the baby knows about 50 words, and then the vocabulary increases
Tertiary circular reactions
Using objects to move other objects
Dropping objects to see what happens when they fall and land
At what age is a baby’s brain 75% of its adult size
By 24mo
What is the first self-consciousness emotion to emerge
Embarrassment
30-36mo - shame, guilt, pride
Systematic desensitization
John Wolpe - tx for anxiety
Learn relaxation, construct hierarchy, imagines the stimuli lowest on the hierarchy first and go from there
Success in systematic desensitization
Wolpe
Due to classical extinction
(You keep getting exposed to a conditioned stimuli without the paired US that produced the anxiety)
Stimulus control
When a behavior is brought about under one stimulus but not another (ex. Rat press a lever when light blinks, doesn’t press when light doesn’t blink)
A form of two-factor learning
Stimulus control is two-factor learning, which means it incorporates…
Classical and operant conditioning
Two types of stimuli in stimulus control
Positive discriminative stimulus - that a reward will follow
Negative discriminative stimulus - that a reward will not follow
Implosive therapy components
Classical extinction (imagined) and psychodynamic themes
Chaining vs Shaping
Chaining - used for complex behaviors when you link together SEQUENCED behaviors
Shaping - uses SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS to guide behavior (does not include behavior sequences)
What intelligence test is based on the PASS model
Cognitive Assessment System
Planning
Attention
Simultaneous processing
Sequential processing
SB5 routing tests
Object series/matrices
Vocabulary
What’s the commonality of all single subject designs
They measure the DV multiple times during each phase
Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient
One variable is dichotomous and one is continuous
Homoscedasticity
When the variability of scores around one variable is relatively the same at different values of the other variable
(Erroneously inflates the correlation coefficient)
T-test for correlated samples
When the two groups are related in some way
Includes participants that are matched and divided up
How to increase power
(The likelihood of correctly rejecting a false null - finding real effects)
Increasing the size of alpha
Increasing effect size
Using parametric tests when possible
Optimal item difficulty (p) for true/false questions
0.75
In between chance and all correct
0.5 is chance, 1.0 is all correct…so 0.75 is halfway
Validity VS Reliability
Reliability = consistency
Validity = accuracy
Test reliability decreases when…
The changes of getting items correct by chance increases
T/F tests have worst reliability
3-choice multiple choice tests
4-choice multiple choice tests
Fill in the blanks have best reliability
Orthogonal v Oblique
Factor analysis
Orthogonal = uncorrelated (assume factors are uncorrelated)
Oblique = correlated (assume factors are correlated)
Chronbach’s (coefficient) alpha
Internal consistency
The correlation of test items to each other
Coefficients for interrater reliability
Kappa
Coefficient of concordance
Eta
Coefficient used to determine the association between two NONLINEAR continuous variables
Distribution of percentile ranks
Rectangular
Assumption of classical test theory
Measurement error is random
Uninvited solicitation…
Is never okay
Can you refuse to release test data to clients even if they ask for it
Yes if it’ll cause imminent and serious physical harm to the person
Confidentiality and EAP
Same confidentiality rules apply to off-work therapy
No information is released to supervisors unless the person signs a releas
Problems with the PhD Candidate credential
It’s misleading and makes it look like you’ve already got credentials
Don’t use it to identify yourself when offering services in graduate school
Can you still report sexual harassment if a patient tells you not to
No. You can not violate their confidentiality.
What do you do if you want to use a test that hasn’t been validated for a specific population
- You can do it as long as there are no other alternativeS
2. Explain the limitations of the results to the client
What to consider when a potential multiple relationship arises
(Eg. When your new therapy clients join your church)
Consider if it’ll impact your objectivity, competence, and/or effectiveness
RIASEC traits that are similar
Place RIASEC types into a hexagon… most similar personality traits will be on either side
Types of technostructural interventions
Business progress reengineering
Alternative work schedules
Downsizing
Job enrichment
Job satisfaction is stable…
Across time
Across jobs and careers
Type A behavior most associated with heart disease
Hostility
Frame-of-Referencing training
Shows multidimensionality of job performance, and what good performance looks like at each level
Multiple regression
I/O
Compensatory method for combining several scores from selection tests
Competency modeling
Linking requirements for successful performance to organizational values, goals, and strategies
Utility analysis
Examines the impact of the selection or origination all procedure on returns on investment
Increases in cortisol lead to…
Degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus
Memory impairment
V-Y-J leadership model
Involves a decision tree
When you have two opposing attitudes, and feel the need to change one of them…
Balance theory
Law of attraction
The positive relationship between similar attitudes and interpersonal attraction is due to REINFORCEMENT
Ultimate attribution error
When you attribute a GROUP’s successes to situational factors and a GROUP’s failures to dispositional factors
(It’s fundamental attribution error to an entire group of people)
Stages of group development
Tuckman and Jensen
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
What was the initial prediction of psychiatrists made in the Milgram Study (predictions on people who would participate in delivering shocks)
1 in 1000
