Religion James Flashcards
In 1603 describe the millenary petition…
MILLENARY PETITION.
On the way to James’ throne, he is met with 1000 Puritans. They are concerned with :
Removing the cross symbol from baptism and bowing to Jesus’ name, as well as rings in marriage.
Wanted limited singing.
Services to be made shorter for better and longer sermons.
Disliked clergy vestments such as surplice and cap.
Wanted more efficient clergymen, and an end to pluralism.
Sabbath to be recognised.
Court of High Commission to rule by bible, not law.
New bible translation.
Describe the Bye Plot and Main Plot.
1603 -
May : Recusancy fines reintroduced.
May-December : Bye Plot and Main Plot.
Bye Plot : Catholic priests and puritan preachers collaborate in a plan to kidnap James on his way to London and force him to make concessions on the throne. Betrayed by Jesuits for fears of retributions to Catholics.
Main Plot : Plan to replace James with his cousin Arabella Stuart. Supported by Spanish Habsburgs and Sir Walter Raleigh.
King holds both trials simultaneously, and only executes one. Recusancy fines come to an end.
22 February 1604 Edict - Catholic priests banned from country while he negotiates with Clement VIII about converting to Roman Catholicism to ensure he is in control of the Catholics and they have their allegiance to him.
Hopes to nullify radicals.
Describe the Hampton Court Conference…
Hampton Court Conference (January)
5 Puritans led by John Reynolds of Corpus Christi Church, Oxford. 9 bishops led by Whitgift.
Puritans suggest presbyters should replace bishops in Church, so James says, “No bishops, no king!”
Bishops suggest no changes should be made, so James protests that some changes must be made.
Intentions to offer limited concessions to identify radicals. Reform of existing institutions as opposed to producing ‘godly,’ church.
Every parish needed a preaching minister. Pluralism had to be reduced by hiring clergymen from University. Often it was very expensive for these people to hold their roles.
Reform of Court of High Commission, to punish people for heretical crimes, crimes against clergymen and church officials, crimes on holy ground, interruption of services etc.
Bishops unable to as easily dismiss ministers.
Thirty-Nine articles reinforced:
Importance of hierarchy : bishops, priests, deacons.
People must wear vestments, cap and surplice.
Kneeling at communion and bowing to Jesus’ name.
Those who didn’t subscribe denied of their livings by Bancroft.
Bishops supported this as they had to maintain relations with Puritans who ran secular sides of dioceses.
New translation of the bible in 1611.
Describe the Archbishops Whitgift and Bancroft…
John Whitgift:
Made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583. Enforced conformity in the Elizabethan religious settlement. Re-education of clergy away from ‘popish’ superstitions. Died in 1604.
Richard Bancroft :
Strong anti-puritan.
Appointed by James with some reluctance.
Determined to enforce Thirty-nine articles, wearing of surplice and use of cross in baptism.
Controversy : denied 300 of their livings, closer to 73-83, and 1% of ministers. Only 2 Puritan ministers lost seats.
Replaced in 1610 with George Abbot
1604 - Bancroft produces a set of Canons asserting supremacy of Convocation of Bishops to create church, (canon), laws over Parliament. Parliament forms a Puritan alliance, and canons withdrawn by James
Describe the Gunpowder Plot (1605)?
1604 - Passage of legislation to persecute suspected Jesuit priests.
1605 Jan-Mar - Lack of Catholic attendance at Church services, and increase in Jesuit priests, so recusancy fines reintroduced.
Gunpowder plot:
12 Catholic plotters to blow up Houses of Parliament whilst in session, killing James and Henry, and making Elizabeth, eldest daughter, the heir to the throne.
Barrels of gunpowder stored in cellars below debating chamber.
Plot discovered when Sir Francis Tresham wrote letter to his brother-in-law, urging him not to attend Parliament this day. 2 searches under debating cellar until the gunpowder is found on 4th November 1605.
Earl of Salisbury - Robert Cecil - knew since April 1604. He wanted to find as many conspirators as possible.
Fawkes was tortured and killed. His confession absolving Jesuits of guilt disappeared.
Plotters were hung, drawn, and quartered, except for Tresham, who died of illness in Tower.
Members of Jesuit Order tried including Father Henry Garnet, and executed to cement their involvement.
Jesuit Order and Pope condemn the actions to show their respect for the King.
Parliament passes strict legislation:
Catholics cannot be lawyers or doctors.
Banned to travel without permission
Home checks without announcement.
Can be fined if they don’t attend Communion 3 times a year.
2/3’s of property taken - recusants.
What was issued in 1606?
1606 :
Oath of Allegiance : Catholics had to swear allegiance to King. Most did to prove their innocence. Some refused as they had to undermine the power of the Pope.
Describe events of 1610?
Henry IV assassinated by disaffected French Catholic who felt that Henry was not faithful to their religion as he tried to offer concessions to both.
25 Catholics executed by James by 1619.
Population rose to 50,000 as local gentry and JPs often didn’t want to enforce penal laws.
1610 : Death of Bancroft, and appointment of Abbot as Archbishop of Canterbury.
Archbishop of Canterbury Abbott:
Evangelical Calvinist - a Puritan.
Appointed as his work to unite English and Scottish Churches in 1608 impressed James. Promoted by his Scottish friends in Church.
Ended Puritan deprivations.
Managed to reduce James’ influence under Robert Carr by introducing Buckingham.
Went against James in Frances Howard’s Divorce, Book of Sports etc.
What happened in 1611?
50 scholars and clergymen associated with Cambridge and Oxford University produced a bible, including Arminian Lancelot Andrewes, Dean of Westminster. James peer-reviewed this.
What happened in 1614-17?
1614 :
Spanish match. The prosecution towards Catholics had to be reduced in order to please the Spanish. Howard family supported this, while James received hostility from Neville, Winwood, and Southampton, (Robert Cecil). The children would have to be raised Catholic and the Queen would need her own catholic court and services, causing Parliament to call off talks.
1616 :
William Laud, Dean of Gloucester, causes upset when he turns the altar table to the east and insists everybody bows to it. James turns to Buckingham and refers to him as a ‘restless spirit,’ which is why he can promote him no more.
1617:
Arminian Richard Neile is made Bishop of Durham, and him and Andrewes are taken on a trip to Scotlan with a view to reforming the Church there.
What happened in 1618?
1618:
Book of Sports issued as request by Thomas Morton, a Bishop of Chester, with regards to disputes in Lancashire between puritans and gentry on Sabbath rules. James urged the parishes across the country to read his guidance, but opposition from Puritans and Archbishop Abbott made him withdraw this request.
Following is allowed: Maypole dancing Whitsun ales Morris dancing May games Decorating of and processing to Church.
What isn’t? Bear and bull baiting. Bowling. Watching performances and plays. James able to offer concessions to Puritans.
What happened in 1621-22?
William Laud appointed to bishropic of St David’s in Wales, Buckingham warned ‘upon my soul you will repent it.’
Laud persuaded Buckingham out of conversion to Catholicism in front of James and Charles, in an argument with a Catholic priest.
Laud’s informal influence grew as Buckingham asked him to produce a list of appointees to vacant sees, (bishoprics), and he wrote O for Orthodox Arminian and P for Puritan.
Second Spanish Match:
Charles tried again to try for a marriage with the Spanish infanta, with a £600,000 dowry tempting them.
They had to offer concessions to the Spanish alongside converting Charles, which Parliament would never allow, so it was cancelled.
1622 : Declaration for Preachers, political issues could not be discussed in sermons, a shot in the bow to Puritans.
What happened in 1624?
1624 : French Marriage
James tried to get Charles a marriage with Henrietta Maria, youngest daughter of the King. In parliament Charles insisted he would not tolerate French catholics, signing a treaty in secret to the French. After their marriage, the public exploded.
1624 : Richard Montagu
A rector from Essex wrote a pamphlet called ‘ A New Gag for an Old Goose,’ in response to a pamphlet entitled ‘The gag for the new gospel.; Montagu argued the Church was not as Calvinist as is believed, and it had many catholic elements. Moreover, puritans were subversive, and would inevitably threaten stability and create anarchy. Furious, Abbot and parliament accused him of valuing Jacobus Arminius’ words over the Thirty-Nine Articles, and when asked to rewrite it, he wrote ‘Appello Caesarum.’ When James met with Montagu met James, James exclaimed, ‘By God, if this be popery, I am a papist.’
