Religion C1

Question 1

What was the belief behind personal monarchy?

Answer 1

The King had political power to make major decisions without consulting parliament.

Question 2

What was the divine right of kings?

Answer 2

God appointed kings and those who questioned their authority were sinners against God.

Question 3

What was the 1547 book of hostilities?

Answer 3

This reinforced the King as God’s lieutenant and highest master. This was read at church.

Question 4

What belief did the book of hostilities reinforce ?

Answer 4

Patriarchalism where women are obedient to men, children to parents…

Question 5

Why did England have less barriers to rule?

Answer 5

It was a small country. By 1603 there were medieval independent jurisdictions like the secular power of the prince.

Question 6

Why was county allegiance stronger in France?

Answer 6

Regions like Brittany had representative assembly with different legal traditions such as customary and Roman law, and languages.

Question 7

What example of control of information did kings have? What were differences between James and Charles in foreign policy?

Answer 7

Monarch appointed privy council advisors but could do what they liked with advice.
In the Thirty Years War, James didn’t want war with Spain but Charles II wanted to enter war.

Question 8

What was absolute monarchy? What were arguments for and against? (James v Fortescue?)

Answer 8

A King could make their own laws and taxes. The 1530 break with Rome showed superior legislative authority for parliament as acts of Parliament exceeded Royal proclamations.
James 12 March 1610: while kings are god appointed they must stand by their oaths to prevent tyranny.
Sir John Fortescue in Praise of the Laws of England argued there was mixed monarchy with acts made within consent of nobility and gentry.

Question 9

In the 1559 Elizabethan Settlement what did Catholics gain?

Answer 9

Monarch as Governor as opposed to head.
Bishops govern church. 
Iconoclasm discouraged.
Ministers wear vestments.
Holy communion open to interpretation.
Ceremonial encouraged. 
Bowing to name of Jesus and sign of cross at communion.

Question 10

What were the Acts of Parliament for the settlement?

Answer 10

Act of Supremacy - King supreme governor.

Act of Uniformity - liturgy established with Thirty Nine Articles as doctrine.

Question 11

What did Protestants gain in the CofE?

Answer 11

Monarch rules.
Bible and services in English.
Justification by faith and scripture for salvation.
Ministers can marry.
Sermons from pulpit and communion tables.

Question 12

What did puritans do to reduce catholic influence and what did they blame this on?

Answer 12

By 1603 puritans pushed for more penal laws, punishing those not attending services.
Crown saw Puritan threat to stability.
Puritans remembered Spanish Inquisition torturing Protestants for heresay, Bloody Mary burning 300 Protestants in 1550s, Spanish duke of Alva army massacre of civilians in Netherlands 1560s, Catholic plots to assassinate Elizabeth and recover monastatic land sold by Henry VIII to gentry.

Question 13

What did the 2 March 1629 Protestation of the House of Commons state that showed civil war could be inevitable? What was issued on 24 Feb 1629?

Answer 13

Extending popery and Arminianism will make a capital enemy as a capital crime worthy of the death penalty.
Heads of Articles - recusancy in counties denying the act of supremacy increased to 2000, so issued this.

Question 14

What were features of Catholicism?

Answer 14

Pope supreme head
Archbishops and bishops
Priest works in mass and is celibate.
7 sacraments including baptism, confirmation, marriage, last rites, ordination, penance, and Eucharist. At mass before an altar the priest turns wine to blood and bread to christ’s body. Transubstantiation.
Salvation by faith prayer and good works, as well as confession, penance, and absolution.
Liturgy, rites of worship, and bible in Latin. Services and clergy ceremonial with high altar at east faced in communion and veneration of saints with Saints Days and veneration of holy relics such as saints bones.
Intercession was where living could communicate and help dead at communion.

Question 15

What were features of Calvinism?

Answer 15

Pope was at worst the anti-Christ.
General synod governs with members from synods, church councils, elected by clergy.
Ministers are preachers and can marry.
Two sacraments, baptism and Eucharist.
Belief in consubstantiation where spiritual substances are consumed.
Predestination where elect are already chosen and will be saved.
Bible and liturgy in English with plain church and clothes. Sermon focuses on preaching sermons.
Altar replaced by communion table.
Minister conducts communion and delivers sermon from pulpit.
Catholic rituals and veneration a banned.

Question 16

What were features of the CofE?

Answer 16

Act of uniformity with book of common prayer and church official state church in constitution.
Protestant ; predestination;justification by faith; bible and services in English;book of common prayer based on 2nd Protestant bible of Edward VI reign; rituals such as confession absolutism and penance rejected; Elizabeth kept two candles and crucifix on altar.
Ordered life and information with non-attendance punished with fines to identify recusancy.
Episcopal CofE governed by bishops with episcopal sees of York and Canterbury, 26 total.
Established by act of Parliament and Royal supremacy acknowledged by Submission of Clergy and parliament confirmation 1534.
Clergy and unpaid wardens. Sermons and liturgy from book of common prayer.
Doctrine in 39 articles with double predestination and Eucharist open to interpretation.
Bible/liturgy in English, churches lost statues and images, ministers wore vestments, communion table at east end, communion from pulpit, rituals and no veneration.

Question 17

What happened to bishops?

Answer 17

They lived in dioceses so they could become better educated in sermons. Hooker’s ecclesiastical policy gave them understanding of Anglicanism. Income slipped for clergy and many wives brought in extra income from dairies.

Question 18

What was a diocese?
What was a parson?
What was a Matin?
Who were Quakers?
What was the sexton of St David's looking for?

Answer 18

1. District or churches under bishop rule.
2. An Anglican cleric with legal parish control.
3. Formerly constituted with the lauds the first 7 canonical hours. Matins at 7 with communion and baptisms, and vespers (afternoon worship).
4. Puritans from 1650s. A Pennsylvania Quaker felt the CofE had not progressed. Church keen to represent antichrist who would rise with second coming.
   Officers who kept upkeep were looking ‘for a day’

Question 19

Who started the reformation and why?
What did Mary do, who did she persecute and who did she marry?
What did Luther argue, and who adopted predestination?
Who established Presbyterianism?

Answer 19

Henry VIII as he made the break from Rome to seize church and it’s property, and marry Anne Boleyne.
Mary (1553-8) persecuted Protestants as she married a Spanish heir.
Luther argued church rules to be based from bible, but diverse interpretations.
John Calvin adopted his idea of predestination and living a godly life.
Exiles returned to fight Catholic ceremonialism and John Knox established Presbyterianism.

Question 20

What were church features in Catholicism compared to Protestantism?

Answer 20

Catholics : rood screen to close altar off and separate laity from clergy.
Church decorated for reverence.
Statues and symbols prayed to so Virgin Mary would intercede with God.
Protestants :
Copy of bible in English.
Plain robes and made speeches close to laity.
Communion table in centre.
10 commandments and important prayer on wall.
Pulpit for preaching.

Question 21

Who issued the reformation? What did Catholics went and what did puritans attempt before she banned it?

Answer 21

reformation.
Catholics wanted Mary, Queen of Scots, and links with Spain.
In 1570s puritans tried purification in parliament with reforms.